not all,not any,not both,not either
这四个片语在涵义上各不相同。
not all的意思是非全体,相当于only some;not any的意思是全不,相当于none;not both作仅一个解,相当于only one;not either作两个都个解,相当于neither.
请对比下列各句:
I do not know all of them.
我仅认识他们之中的几个人(或一部分人)。
I do not know any of them.
这些人我一个都不认识。
I do not know both of them.
在这两个人中,我只认识一个。
I do not know either of them.
这两个人我一个也不认识。
上面四个句子亦可改写为:
I know some of them.
I know none of them.
I know only one of them.
I know neither of them.
值得注意的是,not all指并不是所有的都,not both指并不是两个都。在英语中,它们称为部分否定(partial negation)。另有一些英语副词和not 搭配使用时,也是表示类似的涵义。例:
not always=sometimes
not everywhere = somewhere
not entirely=somewhat
not wholly=in some degree/to some extent
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