前几期谈到英文后缀和英文前缀。在这两篇文章里都没有全面探讨前、后缀的 功能。这里便来谈这问题。
大家知道,派生法(derivation)是英语主要的构词法。这方法是借前缀或后缀之助,制造出派生词(derivative words),主要有名词、形容词和动词三种。
前缀以否定前缀(negative prefixes)un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, non-, dis-, mis-, mal-等为主,使延伸出来的派生词变成反义词。
Ⅰ名词派生词
Balanceimbalance;pleasuredispleasure;management mismanagement;efficiencyinefficiency;concernunconcern ;literacyilliteracy;resolutionirresolution; interferencenoninterference;nutritionmalnutrition.
Ⅱ形容词派生词
Accurateinaccurate;patientimpatient. regular irregular;legalillegal;nativenon-native;orderly disorderly;commonuncommon.
Ⅲ动词派生词
Agreedisagree;judgemisjudge;treatmaltreat; activateinactivate;useill-use;mobilizeimmobilize; managemismanage;quoteunquote.
除了否定前缀之外,其他常用的前缀还有 anti-, auto-, bi-, co-, counter-, de-, ex-, inter-, mono-, post, pre-, pro-, re-, sub-, super-, trans-, tri-, ultra-等。例如:
anti-government(反政府);auto-intoxication(自我迷醉);bilateral(双边的);coexistence(共存);counter-argument (反建议);de-emphasize(不强调);ex-president(前任会长);international(国际间的);monolingual(单语的);post-war (战后的);precaution(预先防备);pro-China(支持中国); re-state(重述);subhuman(低于人类的);superimpose(加在上面);trans-atlantic(横跨大西洋的);triangle(三角); ultra-smart(超能的)。
前面例子证明,加上前缀后的词,虽然意思改变,但词性保持不变。相反的,加上后缀的词,不但词义有些改变,词性也完全不同。这样一来,动词或形容词加上适当的后缀之后,可以得到名词派生词,如:
amazeamazement;kindkindness.
同样的,名词或动词加上适当的后缀,便可以得到形容词派生词,如:
commercecommercial;dependdependent.
最后,名词或形容词加上动词性的后缀,可以得到动词派生词,加上副词性后缀(仅限 -ly),则得到副词派生词,如:
fright(名词)frighten(动词);modern(形容词) modernize(动词);beauty(名词)beautify(动词);year(名词)yearly(副词);quick(形容词)quickly(副词)。
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