雅思写作高分密码原则一:题目为中心
在四项评分标准中第一项是Task Achievement / Response. 。雅思写作,观点无所谓对错。关键是要切题,言之有理,言之有物,能够自圆其说就好。但是,烤鸭一定要按照题目的要求写作。简言之,就是要明确回答问题和充分论证问题。明确回答问题即你的论证须涵盖题目的所有要求,文章立场要力求清晰。如果通篇文章找不到作者对于一个观点的看法是很难折服考官的。 雅思写作最参见的提问角度有三种,What are its causes and what measures should be taken to solve it? ,discuss both views and give your opinion ? 以及to what extent do you agree or disagree? .这些提问都有典型的信号词。行文时在首段尾句要明确表明自己的立场或是写作目的。在尾段的观点总结句还要再次重申观点,总结理由。
1)现在我们来看看让步反驳类话题主题观点句的写法:
题目:
Housing shortage in big cities can cause severe consequence, some people think that only the government can solve the problems. To what extent do you agree or not?大城市的住房短缺可以引起严重的后果,有人说只有政府才能解决这个问题,是否同意?
解析:该题目中有关键性的信息词only, 这个表示绝对性的词汇过于武断,很难令人信服,但是该观点又有其合理成分。综上分析,文章推荐首段尾句写作如下:
As I see it, there is an element of truth in this opinion, yet it is not completely true. This essay aims to explore the roles that governments play in the process of resolving housing shortage and other means available. 在我看来,这个观点有合理成分但是又不完全正确,这篇文章将要探讨下在解决住房短缺的过程中政府扮演的角色以及其他的可行的方法。
2)另外,烤鸭要留意的是论证的过程不可以偷换概念。
例如:More working people are busy with work and have no time to spend with their families and friends. Why does this happen? What are the effects on family life and society as a whole? 人们忙于工作,没有时间和家人和朋友分分享,原因和何在,对于家庭和社会的影响?
解析:该题目的提问十分清晰,要求论证的是家庭关系不紧密的原因和影响。结果有的烤鸭却写成了分析问题解决问题,还有烤鸭分析现代生活的快节奏是引起家庭纽带不紧密的原因,此原因很合理,可是余下的部分考生却偷换了概念,大谈特谈快节奏生活的利好和弊端,那自然就已偏题甚远。
3)充分论证问题就是要用例证,反证,再解释等写作手段去支持主题论点或者反驳不支持的观点。在近期的雅思作文中,题目总越来越多的要求用例证去支持观点,这就要求烤鸭有意识的分类整理各个写作话题的例证。
例如:Today,more and more developing countries are expanding tourist industry. Why is the case? Do you regard as positive or negative? 现今,很多国家发展旅游业的原因,你认为有利还是有不弊?
解析:分析该题目,推荐的写作思路是谈及发展旅游业的原因,在分别论证其利好和弊端,作者的观点应以支持为主,对于弊端可以提出建议的解决途径。
分支观点的支持句例证如下:
The most striking merit of boosting tourism is that it could generate immense economic value. South Africa could severe as a perfect example, which used to poverty-stricken and behind place. As tourism booms, it now becomes one of the most promising and eye-catching scenic spots. When tourists do their sightseeing, they will buy local souvenirs, dine in restaurants and seek accommodations, hence, the prosperity of tourism spurs national economy and multiplies tax revenue.
发展旅游业的最显著的利好就是能够创造经济价值。南非就是很好的例子,过去的南非落后贫穷,旅游业的发展使得南非成为最有前景和惹眼的旅游地之一。当游客观光游览之时,会购物,就餐,住宿等,因此旅游业的繁荣刺激了国民经济,增加了税收。
雅思写作高分原则二:逻辑为纲要
雅思写作的第二项评分标准为Coherence and cohesion(内容连贯与篇章衔接)。其实,无论是英语写作还是汉语写作,都讲究一个谋篇布局的逻辑清晰,都讲究一个论证过程的起承转合。很多烤鸭的英语作文失分体现在行文的逻辑矛盾以及结构松散。在笔者改写的雅思作文中,有的文章在首段提出支持题目观点,论证结束后却是在反驳观点。还有文章只是简单句的堆砌组合而非衔接紧密的锻炼。其弊病在于文章在宏观和微观上都缺少清晰的布局。因此,雅思写作的第二项高分密码为逻辑为纲要。宏观上,雅思文章都应该应分成三部分,即首段,主体段(主体段可以根据不同题目再进行细分),尾段。首段提出观点,主体段论证观点,尾段再次亮明观点,这种逻辑结构前后呼应,在议论文写作中十分有效。微观上,论证的过程要力求清晰有序。具体体现在各句间以及各段间要有清晰衔接词汇。建议烤鸭按功能归类整理各类路标词汇。在平常的写作训练中就注意文章的连贯与篇章的衔接。
雅思写作常见的写作思路有:分析问题解决问题(政府工作报告类写作文体),讨论利弊或者两种观点(平衡分析),针对观点类提问让步反驳。
现在以让步反驳来举例:
题目:
Some people think that maintaining public libraries is a waste of time because computer technologies have already replaced its function? To what extent do you agree or disagree? 有人认为计算机科技已经取代了图书馆的功能是否同意?
宏观布局:
首段:背景介绍 + 有待反驳的观点 + 写作意图(明确表达不支持或是不完全支持)
二段:有待反驳的观点及其合理性
三段:反驳对方观点 + 提出自己的观点
尾段:让步对方观点的合理性,强调我方观点。
具体论证:(三段反驳)
Yet, on no account can we lose sight of the immense value of libraries. Firstly, although it is easy to acquire and utilize e-books, it is far from easy, for millions people, to change their deeply-rooted habits of reading in libraries. Still, libraries could serve the function of communication and entertainment. A case in point is that many retired men and young adults like to pay a visit to library for recreation. Lastly, a good library with large collection of books is the symbol of top university as well as civilized city. The ideal academic atmosphere created by libraries can never be matched by e-reading.
翻译:然而,任何情况下我们都不能忽视图书馆的巨大价值,首先,尽管很容易得到和使用电子书籍,很多人难以改变根深蒂固的在图书馆中阅读的习惯。第二,图书馆是交流和休闲的好去处,例如很多退休老人和年轻人都把去图书馆当成了享乐。第三,一个藏书丰富的图书馆是名校和文明城市的象征。电子阅读永远不能营造图书馆的良好的学习氛围。
雅思写作高分密码原则三:词汇为亮点
雅思评分的第三项标准是 Lexical Resource(词汇资源)。遣词造句是行文的基石。言之无文,行而不远。雅思写作好比盖楼房,再好的图纸也要靠优良的建筑材料才能筑起高楼,词语就如同建造大厦时的砖瓦。
语言是思想的载体,有文采的表达可以让文章在思想不变的情况下卓尔不群。设想考官通篇看到的都是基础词汇和口语词汇(good, bad, important, a lot of, I think)难免会有审美疲劳,惯性地打出一个平均分。因此,高分密码的第三项为词汇为亮点。雅思写作用词原则有三,精准性,丰富性,独特性。
汉语和英语写作都讲究一个达义,词本无意,意由语生。用词第一原则就是选择最贴近语境的词汇。比如,剑桥7册勤奋和天赋哪一个更加重要的满分范文中,学习不同的技能作者的翻译是acquire different skills, 通过个人的努力去学习知识和技能非常准确的用词就是acquire. 同理,在表达不利于的时候,由于宾语不同,动词的选择也讲究一个贴切。有害健康推荐用undermine ones health(undermine有逐渐损害的含义),破坏经济推荐用cripple the economy (cripple 有严重削弱的含义),破坏环境推荐用ruin the environment(在官方文体中该搭配十分常见)。
用词的第二原则是避免词穷,积累相关语义场。在剑桥7册勤奋和天赋的范文中,作者就用innate talent, talent that are inherited via genes, nature, natural talent 来代替了题目指令中的people are born with certain talents. 同理,在表达贫困这个概念的时候,不仅仅是有poor 唯一的表达,同义词就有needy, impoverished, poverty-stricken, 推荐短语就有 live in extreme poverty , suffer from poverty, come from humble background等。
用词的第三原则是熟练使用个性表达,例如写增加自信,我的第一选择就是indoctrinate confidence into oneself, 写使快乐,我的第一选择就是be intoxicated by,写擅长于,我的第一选择就是be apt at。其实,大量精彩的语料的输出唯有靠大量精彩的语料的输入。有诗书气自华。 用词的精准,丰富和个性来自润物细无声的阅读积累和词汇课程的学习。强烈建议烤鸭们建设自己的写作语料库。推荐大家精读剑桥各册的阅读文章,也推荐大家研读各国元首的演讲稿,更推荐大家欣赏写作名家的经典范文。在阅读的同时还要随时做摘抄,积极背诵。精彩语料库的建设定能帮助烤鸭们处理相关主题时高屋建瓴,自然也能支撑烤鸭们东施效颦地写出美文。
雅思写作高分密码原则四:句型为基础:
雅思写作的第四个评分标准是 Grammatical Range and Accuracy (语法范围与精确性)即看在句子和结构的选择上是否多样化,语法是否准确。雅思写作是规定时间内的写作,题库又浩如烟海。快速流利的写作唯有靠储备多样的写作样句式因此,高分密码的第四项为句型为基础。建议烤鸭准备文章开头结尾及起承转合的基本句型,准备表达赞成或反对的精彩句型。准备表示分析问题,谈及影响和解决问题的写作句型。同时,句型准备时要简单句和复杂句穿插使用,句子成分上可修饰到极限。
雅思高分作文的一个原则就是要淡化模板痕迹,但是,淡化模板不是不写模板。
例如,在剑桥七册7.5分的是否支持固定刑罚的范文中,作者开篇就用到了备好模板句型,Fixing punishments for each type of crime has been a debatable issue. There are many arguments supporting both views, those for and those against fixed punishments.可见,模板句型可以使文章思路清晰,字数饱满。以大多中国考生的水平,还很难做到在考场上随心所欲的传情达意。所以,针对不同题型的个性模板句型还是要准备的,不过,模板句型要力求个性和灵活。另需特别注意的是,若模板句型中多复杂句或亮点词汇,相反,烤鸭自己填空的词句却逢写必错,就会造成文章语言风格不统一。句式的准备要符合自己的写作水平。
下面列出笔者备好的写作句型,以期给烤鸭们一些启示。
1)背景介绍:
There is an increasing tendency in todays campus that many college undergraduates would only opt for courses that appeal to them.
2)争议焦点:
Perhaps no issue has led to such endless debate as to whether or not students should be sent to boarding schools.
3)亮明观点:
Although animal experimentation sounds appealing to some extent, I still strongly frown on this proposal.
4)支持观点:
Granted, millions of merits could be gained via having a break from academic study after finishing high school.
5)反对观点:
Nevertheless, under no circumstances should we turn a blind eye to the underlying drawbacks triggered by imposing restrictions on aviation.
6)提出例证:
From our own school experience, it is easy to find plenty of evidence to support the view that many seemingly ungifted children could be instructed to be fluent speakers of English with continued teaching and guided practice.(教育类: 没有语言天赋的孩子要不要学习外语)
7)反证对比:
A young adult who passes directly from school to university is rather restricted in terms of mental horizons and knowledge scope. On quite the contrary, it is self-travel and working experiences that forge ones fortitude as well as mature ones thought.
8)总结观点 In light of above-mentioned arguments, one may easily concludes that it exerts positive impacts on students personality when living on campus, while its potential demerits should be emphasized and resolved.
简言之,依据四项评分标准,高分密码的四项原则为:题目为中心,逻辑为纲要,词汇为亮点,句型为基础。不为失败找借口,只为成功找方法。将这四项原则谙熟于心,雅思写作的备考就有了明确的方向。
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