为了更好地表达文章的主旨,揭示所要诠释的思想,作者往往常常在文章中对一些比较重要的词汇、概念和难懂的术语等做出一些解释,这种解释称作针对性解释,它可以提供明确的信息,可以利用这些针对性解释来猜测词义。
1根据定义猜测词义
如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义,理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。
例如: anthropology is the scientific study of man.
由定义可知,anthropology就是研究人类的科学。
In slang the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.
同样,从上下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是困境。定义句的谓语动词多为:be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute等。
2根据复述猜测词义
虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细,但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以适当词、短语或是从句。
同位语 Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.
此例逗号中短语意为对词意义进行研究的学科。该短语与前面生词semanties式同位关系,因此我们不难猜出semanties指语义学。
在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接,有时也使用破折号,冒号,分号,引号,和括号等。
Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits.
由同位语我们很快猜出生词capacitance词义---电容量。
需要注意的是:同位语前还常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say i. e. 等副词或短语出现。
定语从句 Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder, a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.
根据生词SAD后面定语从句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位语a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings, 我们可以推断出 SAD含义,即季节性情绪紊乱症。
3根据举例猜测词义
恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索,例如:
The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.
句中战争和重大科学发现是生词的实例,通过它们我们可以猜出epochal的大致词义重要的,这与其确切含义划时代的十分接近。
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