名师解读剑7雅思阅读真题

　　TEST 3

　　READING PASSAGE 3

　　You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3below.

　　Forests are one of the main elements of our natural heritage. The decline of Europes forests over the last decade and a half has led to an increasing awareness and understanding of the serious imbalances which threaten them. European countries are becoming increasingly concerned by major threats to European forests, threats which know no frontiers other than those of geography or climate: air pollution, soil deterioration, the increasing number of forest fires and sometimes even the mismanagement of our woodland and forest heritage. There has been a growing awareness of the need for countries to get together to co-ordinate their policies. In December 1990, Strasbourg hosted the first Ministerial Conference on the protection of Europes forests. The conference brought together 31 countries from both Western and Eastern Europe. The topics discussed included the co-ordinated study of the destruction of forests, as well as how to combat forest fires and the extension of European research programs on the forest ecosystem. The preparatory work for the conference had been undertaken at two meetings of experts. Their initial task was to decide which of the many forest problems of concern to Europe involved the largest number of countries and might be the subject of joint action. Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as countries bordering the Mediterranean or the Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded. However, this does not mean that in future they will be ignored.

　　As a whole, European countries see forests as performing a triple function: biological, economic and recreational. The first is to act as a green lung for our planet; by means of photosynthesis, forests produce oxygen through the transformation of solar energy, thus fulfilling what for humans is the essential role of an immense, non-polluting power plant. At the same time, forests provide raw materials for human activities through their constantly renewed production of wood. Finally, they offer those condemned to spend five days a week in an urban environment an unrivalled area of freedom to unwind and take part in a range of leisure activities, such as hunting, riding and hiking. The economic importance of forests has been understood since the dawn of man - wood was the first fuel. The other aspects have been recognised only for a few centuries but they are becoming more and more important. Hence, there is a real concern throughout Europe about the damage to the forest environment which threatens these three basic roles.

　　The myth of the natural forest has survived, yet there are effectively no remaining primary forests in Europe. All European forests are artificial, having been adapted and exploited by man for thousands of years. This means that a forest policy is vital, that it must transcend national frontiers and generations of people, and that it must allow for the inevitable changes that take place in the forests, in needs, and hence in policy. The Strasbourg conference was one of the first events on such a scale to reach this conclusion. A general declaration was made that a central place in any ecologically coherent forest policy must be given to continuity over time and to the possible effects of unforeseen events, to ensure that the full potential of these forests is maintained.

　　That general declaration was accompanied by six detailed resolutions to assist national policy-making. The first proposes the extension and systematisation of surveillance sites to monitor forest decline. Forest decline is still poorly understood but leads to the loss of a high proportion of a trees needles or leaves. The entire continent and the majority of species are now affected: between 30%and 50% of the tree population. The condition appears to result from the cumulative effect of a number of factors, with atmospheric pollutants the principal culprits. Compounds of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide should be particularly closely watched. However, their effects are probably accentuated by climatic factors, such as drought and hard winters, or soil imbalances such as soil acidification, which damages the roots. The second resolution concentrates on the need to preserve the genetic diversity of European forests. The aim is to reverse the decline in the number of tree species or at least to preserve the genetic material of all of them. Although forest fires do not affect all of Europe to the same extent, the amount of damage caused the experts to propose as the third resolution that the Strasbourg conference consider the establishment of a European databank on the subject. All information used in the development of national preventative policies would become generally available. The subject of the fourth resolution discussed by the ministers was mountain forests. In Europe, it is undoubtedly the mountain ecosystem which has changed most rapidly and is most at risk. A thinly scattered permanent population and development of leisure activities, particularly skiing, have resulted in significant long-term changes to the local ecosystems. Proposed developments include a preferential research program on mountain forests. The fifth resolution relaunched the European research network on the physiology of trees, called Eurosilva. Eurosilva should support joint European research on tree diseases and their physiological and biochemical aspects. Each country concerned could increase the number of scholarships and other financial support for doctoral theses and research projects in this area. Finally, the conference established the framework for a European research network on forest ecosystems. This would also involve harmonising activities in individual countries as well as identifying a number of priority research topics relating to the protection of forests. The Strasbourg conferences main concern was to provide for the future. This was the initial motivation, one now shared by all 31 participants representing 31European countries. Their final text commits them to on-going discussion between government representatives with responsibility for forests.

　　Questions 27-33

　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet, write

　　TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

　　FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

　　NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

　　27 Forest problems of Mediterranean countries are to be discussed at the next meeting of experts.

　　28 Problems in Nordic countries were excluded because they are outside the European Economic Community.

　　29 Forests are a renewable source of raw material.

　　30 The biological functions of forests were recognised only in the twentieth century.

　　31 Natural forests still exist in parts of Europe.

　　32 Forest policy should be limited by national boundaries.

　　33 The Strasbourg conference decided that a forest policy must allow for the possibility of change.

　　Questions 34-39

　　Look at the following statements issued by the conference.

　　Which six of the following statements, A-J, refer to the resolutions that were issued?

　　Match the statements with the appropriate resolutions .

　　Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 34-39 on your answer sheet.

　　A All kinds of species of trees should be preserved.

　　B Fragile mountain forests should be given priority in research programs.

　　C The surviving natural forests of Europe do not need priority treatment.

　　D Research is to be better co-ordinated throughout Europe.

　　E Information on forest fires should be collected and shared.

　　F Loss of leaves from trees should be more extensively and carefully monitored.

　　G Resources should be allocated to research into tree diseases.

　　H Skiing should be encouraged in thinly populated areas.

　　I Soil imbalances such as acidification should be treated with compounds of nitrogen and sulphur.

　　J Information is to be systematically gathered on any decline in the condition of forests.

　　34 Resolution 1

　　35 Resolution 2

　　36 Resolution 3

　　37 Resolution 4

　　38 Resolution 5

　　39 Resolution 6

　　Question 40

　　Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

　　Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.

　　40 What is the best title for Reading Passage 3?

　　A The biological, economic and recreational role of forests

　　B Plans to protect the forests of Europe

　　C The priority of European research into ecosystems

　　D Proposals for a world-wide policy on forest management

　　Answers

　　27 NOT GIVEN　　28 FALSE　　29 TRUE　　30 FALSE　　31 FALSE　　32 FALSE　　33 TRUE

　　34 J　　35 A　　36 E　　37 B　　38 G　　39 D　　40 B

　　解析

　　篇章结构

　　体裁 说明文

　　主题 欧洲森林保护问题

　　结构

　　第一段：欧洲森林遭到严重破坏。

　　第二段：欧洲森林的三大功能。

　　第三段：制定保护欧洲森林的政策迫在眉睫。

　　第四段：保护森林的六项决议。

　　必背词汇

　　第一段

　　element n. 成分，要素　　awareness n. 认识，了解，知道　　heritage n. 遗产，继承物

　　imbalance n. 不平衡，失调　　decline n. 衰退，跌落　　threaten vt. 威胁

　　decade n. 十年　　frontier n. 边界，边境　　geography n. 地理

　　undertake v. 从事;保证　　deterioration n. 恶化，退化　　initial adj. 开始的，最初的

　　mismanagement n. 管理不善　　joint adj. 联合的，共同的　　co-ordinate v. 协调，等同

　　confine v. 限制　　ministerial adj. 部长的，内阁的，执政的　　geographical adj. 地理的

　　destruction n. 破坏，毁灭　　border v. 毗邻　　combat v. 奋斗，争斗

　　the Mediterranean 地中海　　extension n. 延长，扩充　　Nordic adj. 北欧的

　　ecosystem n. 生态系统　　discard v. 丢弃，抛弃　　preparatory adj. 预备的，准备的，初步的

　　第二段

　　triple adj. 三倍的　　raw adj. 生的　　recreational adj. 娱乐的

　　constantly adv. 不断地　　lung n. 肺　　renewed adj. 更新的

　　photosynthesis n. 光合作用　　condemn v. 责备　　oxygen n. 氧，氧气

　　urban adj. 城市的　　transformation n. 转化，转变　　unrivalled adj. 无与伦比的

　　solar adj. 太阳的　　unwind v. 展开　　fulfil v. 实现，满足　　dawn n. 破晓

　　immense adj. 巨大的，广大的　　fuel n. 燃料

　　第三段

　　myth n. 神话　　scale n. 规模　　primary adj. 初期的

　　declaration n. 宣言　　artificial adj. 人造的　　ecologically adv. 从生态学的观点看

　　adapt v. 使适应　　coherent adj. 互相偶合的　　exploit v. 开发，利用，开拓

　　continuity n. 连续性　　vital adj. 至关重要的，生死攸关的　　unforeseen adj. 无法预料的

　　transcend v. 超越　　ensure v. 确定，保证　　generation n. 代，一代

　　potential n. 潜力，潜能　　inevitable adj. 不可避免的　　maintain v. 维持

　　第四段

　　accomplish v. 完成　　cumulative adj. 累积的　　resolution n. 决议

　　atmospheric adj. 大气的　　assist v. 协助　　pollutant n. 污染物

　　propose v. 提议　　principal adj. 主要的　　extension n. 延长，扩充

　　culprit n. 犯人，罪犯　　systematization n. 组织化　　compound n. 混合物

　　surveillance n. 监视，监督　　nitrogen n. 氮　　monitor v. 监视，监督

　　sulphur dioxide 氧化硫　　proportion n. 比例　　accentuate v. 强调

　　needle n. 针叶　　climatic adj. 气候上的　　drought n. 干旱

　　significant adj. 显著的，重要的　　hard winter 严寒的冬天　　preferential adj. 先取的，优先的

　　acidification n. 酸化　　relaunch v. 重新发布　　concentrate v. 集中，专心

　　physiology n. 生理学　　preserve v. 保护，保持　　biochemical adj. 生物化学的

　　genetic adj. 基因的，遗传的　　scholarship n. 奖学金　　diversity n. 多样性

　　financial adj. 金融的，财政的　　reverse v. 颠倒，逆转　　doctoral these 博士论文

　　establishment n. 确立，制定　　framework n. 结构，框架　　databank n. 数据库

　　harmonise v. 使融合　　preventative adj. 预防性的　　identify v. 识别，鉴定

　　minister n. 部长，大臣　　priority n. 优先权　　undoubtedly adv. 无疑

　　motivation n. 动机，动力　　ecosystem n. 生态系统　　participant n. 参加者，参与者

　　at risk 处境危险　　represent v. 代表　　scatter v. 散开，散布，散播

　　commit v. 委托，承诺　　permanent adj. 永久的，持久的　　on-going adj. 持续的

　　skiing n. 滑雪　　representative n. 代表

　　试题解析

　　Questions 27-33

　　题目类型：True / False / Not Given

　　题目解析：

　　27. Forest problems of Mediterranean countries are to be discussed at the next meeting of experts.

　　参考译文 地中海国家的森林问题将在下一次专家会议中讨论。 定位词 Mediterranean countries 解题关键字 be discussed at the next meeting 文中对应点 第一段未： ..., such as counties bordering Mediterranean or the Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded. However, this dose not mean that in future they will be ignored. 此题通过定位词可以迅速定位到第一段最后两句话，其含义为地中海国家在日后不一定被忽略;而题干则为在下次会议中会讨论，显然为文中未提及内容。故此题答案为NOT GIVEN。

　　28. Problems in Nordic countries were excluded because they are outside the European Economic Community.

　　参考译文 北欧国家的问题未被考虑是因为它们不属于欧洲经济共同体。 定位词 Nordic countries 解题关键字 because 文中对应点 第一段末： Their initial task was to decide which of the many forest problems of concern to Europe involved the largest number of countries and might be the subject of joint action. Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as counties bordering Mediterranean or the Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded. 此题定位点与第一题相同。 考生可能单纯依据European Economic Community在文中未出现而错误地判断答案为NOT GIVEN; 其实该题考查因果关系，由定位句中的因果关系词therefore推出解题句为定位句的前一句：Nordic countries不被考虑是因为会议要决定哪些森林问题涉及的国家最多并且能够成为联合行动的主题，这与题干中的原因不同，而考查因果关系时要求文章与题目精确对应，故此题答案为FALSE。

　　29. Forests are a renewable source of raw material.

　　参考译文 森林是可再生原材料的来源。 定位词 raw material 解题关键字 renewable source 文中对应点 第二段： ..., forests provide raw materials for human activities through their constantly renewed production of wood. 此题的定位词在文中以原词出现，按照顺序原则可以迅速定位。 文中定位处含义为：通过其不断再生的木材，森林给人类活动提供了原材料。文章与题目含义一致。故此题答案为TRUE。

　　30. The biological functions of forests were recognised only in the twentieth century.

　　参考译文 森林的生物学功能在20世纪才被认可。 定位词 biological functions, recognised 解题关键字 only in twentieth century 文中对应点 第二段： The economic importance of forests has been...The other aspects have been recognised only for a few centuries... 此题先通过biological functions定位于第二段首句，其中提到森林的三种功能为biological, economic和recreational;然后由recognised精确定位到解题句，其中提到除了economic之外的两方面都已经被认可了几个世纪，而题目却认为其仅仅是在20世纪才被认可的。题目明显与文章相悖，故此题答案为FALSE。

　　31. Natural forests still exist in parts of Europe.

　　参考译文 原始森林仍存在于欧洲的一些地方。 定位词 natural forests 解题关键字 still exist 文中对应点 第三段： All European forests are artificial, ... 此题通过定位词可定位于第三段首句，通过扫读得出解题句，其含义为：欧洲所有的森林都是人工种植的。很显然题目与文章内容刚好相反，故此题答案为FALSE。

　　32. Forest policy should be limited by national boundaries.

　　参考译文 森林政策必须受到国家界限的限制。 定位词 forest policy, national boundaries 解题关键字 limited 文中对应点 第三段： This means that a forest policy is vital, that it must transcend national frontiers and... 此题通过定位词能够迅速定位。定位句的含义为：森林政策至关重要，它必须超越国家的界限。显然题目与文章内容相反，故此题答案为FALSE。

　　33. The Strasbourg conference decided that a forest policy must allow for the possibility of change.

　　参考译文 斯特拉斯堡会议作出决议，森林政策必须虑及可能发生的变化。 定位词 Strasbourg conference, forest policy, change 解题关键字 allow for 文中对应点 第三段： This means that a forest policy is vital，，and that it must allow for the inevitable changes that take place in the forests, in needs, and hence in policy. The Strasbourg conference was one of the first events on such a scale to reach this conclusion. 译文：这就意味着一项森林政策至关重要，它必须考虑到森林环境，人民需求，国家政策发生不可避免的变化。斯特拉斯堡会议也成为此类高规格创始会议中达成该结论的会议之一。 此题通过定位词能够迅速定位。定位句指出会议达成this conclusion，此处出现指代，按遇指代，向前看一句的原则得到定位句首句。定位句中结论与题目含义一致，故此题答案为TRUE。

　　Questions 34-39

　　题目类型：MATCHING

　　解题方法：

　　1. 从题干提取出定位词resolution进行大致定位，扫描各段首句将此题定位到第四段

　　2. 对于选项，应该首先画出其关键词，然后根据文中定位句的含义进行筛选。

　　3. 此题考查考生对文章最后一段所提出的六项决议的理解。

　　题目解析：

　　题号 定位词 文中对应点 34 resolution 1 第四段第二行： The first proposes the extension and systematisation of surveillance sites to monitor forest decline. 译文：第一项决议是对森林退化监测站进行扩建并使其系统化。在选项中扫描关键词，只有J选项符合该含义：森林的任何退化信息都将被系统地收集。 此处有两个干扰选项：F和I。 F选项中出现文中原词monitored，但对loss of leaves的监测只是决议I中的一项内容，不全面; I选项中出现文中原词soil imbalance, acidification, compounds of nitrogen and sulphur，但这些词在文中分别出现于不同的例子中，而I选项却将其揉在一句话中。故答案为J。 35 resolution 2 第四段第九行： The second resolution concentrates on the need to preserve the genetic diversity of European forests. 译文：第二项决议的重点是保持欧洲森林基因多样性的需求。在选项中扫描关键词，只有A选项出现关键词preserve，且其含义与原文相符：所有种类的树木都必须被保存。 故答案为A。 36 resolution 3 第四段第十一行： Although forest fires do not..., ...the third resolution that the Strasbourg conference consider the establishment of a European databank on the subject. 译文：虽然森林大火对欧洲各国的影响程度不同，但是其破坏力却让专家们提出第三个决议：斯特拉斯堡会议应该考虑就此主题建立一个欧洲数据库。 在选项中扫描关键词，只有E选项出现关键词forest fires，且其含义与原文相符：有关森林大火的信息需被收集并分享。 故答案为E。 37 resolution 4 第四段第十八行： 此处应首先定位到第十五行的the fourth resolution，经过扫读后才能找到解题句： Proposed developments include a preferential research program on mountain forests. 译文：建议的改进措施包括优先建立一项关于山林的研究项目。 在选项中扫描关键词，只有B选项出现关键词mountain forests和priority，且其含义与原文相符：脆弱的山林应该在研究项目中优先考虑。 故答案为B。 38 resolution 5 第四段倒数第十行： 此处应首先定位到倒数第十一行的the fifth resolution，经过扫读后才能找到解题句： Eurosilva should support joint European research on the tree diseases and... Each country concerned could increase the number of scholarships and other financial support for doctoral theses and research projects in this area. 译文：森林持续发展将支持欧洲各国联合研究树木的病害以及生理和生化方面的问题。每个参与国都可以增加奖学金以及其他经济支持来鼓励此领域博士论文的撰写以及研究项目开展。 在选项中扫描关键词，只有G选项出现关键词allocated to research和tree diseases，且其含义与原文相符：资源必须分配给关于树木病害的研究。故答案为G。 39 resolution 6 第四段倒数第七行： Finally, the conference established the framework for a European research network on forest ecosystems. 译文：会议最终建立了欧洲森林生态系统的科研网络。 在选项中扫描关键词，只有D选项出现关键词co-ordinated，且其含义与原文相符：研究最好在整个欧洲范围内进行，以便更好地相互协作。 故答案为D。

　　Question 40

　　题目类型：Multiple Choices

　　解题方法：

　　1. 该题为主旨标题题，考生只需扫读文章首末句，找出关键词来寻找对应答案。

　　2. 在解题过程中需要使用排除法来加快解题速度。

　　题目解析：

　　题号 定位词 文中对应点 40 无 题目：Reading Passage 3的最佳标题为： A. 森林的生物、经济和娱乐角色 B. 欧洲森林保护计划 C. 欧洲生态系统研究的优先性 D. 关于森林管理的世界性政策提案 通过分析文章首句可以得出，其中关键词为forests，从而排除不含此关键词的选项C; A选项中的三个关键词biological, economic和recreational均未在末句中提及，故排除; B和D两个选项中关键词分别为：B强调protect, D强调policy on management。文章末句中的government以及responsibility for forests强调政府对于森林的责任而并非管理，排除D选项。 故正确答案为B。

　　参考译文

　　欧洲森林保护计划

　　森林是自然遗产的主要元素之一。过去15年欧洲森林的退化程度已经逐渐让人们意识并了解到这种严重失调对他们的威胁。欧洲国家越来越重视欧洲森林受到的主要威胁，除了地理和气候性的威胁以外，其他的都是不分国界的，诸如空气污染、土壤退化、与日俱增的森林火灾，有时候甚至是我们对林地和森林的管理不善。人们也越来越清楚地认识到各国需要联合起来协调政策。1990年12月，在法国斯特拉斯堡举行了第一次以保护欧洲森林为主题的部长级会议。来自东西欧的31个国家代表汇集一堂。会议的议题包括：如何协调研究对森林的破坏，如何防范森林火灾，以及欧洲森林生态系统研究项目的扩大。会议举行前召开了两次专家会议来做会前准备工作。他们最初的任务是决定在欧洲森林所面临的诸多问题中，哪个问题所涉及的国家最多，可作为各国联合行动的主题。因此那些受特殊地理条件限制的地区，如地中海以及北欧国家就被排除在外了。但是以后他们还是有可能参与进来的。

　　总体而言，欧洲国家认为森林有三重功能生物、经济和娱乐功能。第一重是扮演地球的绿色之肺通过光合作用，森林在太阳能量转换过程中释放氧气。对人类而言，它是不可替代的巨大而无污染的能量来源。同时，通过不断再生的木材，森林还为人类活动提供了原材料。最后，森林还为那些在城市里每周五天深陷于工作的上班族们提供了无与伦比的自由氛围去释放心情，参与游猎、骑马以及远足等休闲活动。森林的经济功能从人类起源开始就被发现了木材就是最初的燃料。其他功能的发现仅有几个世纪的历史，但它们变得越来越重要。因此，整个欧洲十分关注威胁到森林使其不能扮演这三重基本功能的破坏性行为。

　　有关天然森林的古老神话还在欧洲大陆流传着，而事实上，真正的原始森林已经不复存在了。所有的欧洲森林都是人工种植的，被人类改造和开发了数千年。这就意味着，一项超越国界、跨越年代的森林政策至关重要，并且必须要考虑到森林环境、人民需求、国家政策发生不可避免的变化。斯特拉斯堡会议是同等规模的活动中最先达成该结论的活动之一。其总宣言为：任何具有生态延续性的森林政策的核心内容，都必须着眼于长期的可持续性以及不可预见的状况可能带来的影响，以保证森林的全部潜能都可以得到维系。

　　除了总宣言，会议还提出了六项有利于国家政策制定的详细决议。第一项决议是对森林退化监测站进行扩建并使其系统化。我们对森林退化的了解还不多，但它会造成树叶和针叶的大量脱落。整个欧洲大陆以及大多数树种都受到影响，受影响树木占树木总量的30%到50%。这样的情况像是由一系列因素累积导致的，大气污染就是其中的罪魁祸首。还需要特别注意氮化物和二氧化硫。然而，一些气候因素如干旱、寒冬，以及破坏树木根系的土壤酸化等土地失衡状况，可能会加剧这些不利因素的影响。第二项决议的重点是保持欧洲森林基因多样性的需求。目标是改变树种减少的状况或者至少保留所有树种的基因资料。虽然森林大火对欧洲各国的影响程度不同，但是其破坏力却让专家们提出第三个决议：斯特拉斯堡会议应该考虑就此主题建立一个欧洲数据库。所有国家保护政策发展过程中所用的信息将被广泛分享。部长们所讨论的第四项决议是关于山林的。在欧洲变化最快、处境最危险的无疑是山地生态系统。常住人口的零星分布以及休闲活动特别是滑雪，给当地生态系统造成了严重而长期的改变。建议的改进措施包括优先建立一项关于山林的研究项目。第五项决议重新发布了有关树木生理学的名为森林持续发展的欧洲研究网森林持续发展将支持欧洲各国联合研究树木的病害以及生理和生化方面的问题。每个参与国都可以增加奖学金以及其他经济支持来鼓励此领域博士论文的撰写以及研究项目的开展。会议最终建立了欧洲森林生态系统的科研网络，用以协调各国行动以及确认一些和森林保护相关的重点研究议题。斯特拉斯堡会议的重点是着眼于未来。这一最初的动机现在已成为31名参加者代表的31个欧洲国家的共同动力。他们最后的承诺是肩负起对森林的责任，保证政府代表间相关的讨论交流。