雅思阅读：电影《辛德勒的名单》

　　英文介绍：

　　The relocation of Polish Jews from surrounding areas to Krakow in late 1939, shortly after the beginning of World War II. Oskar Schindler , a successful businessman, arrives from Czechoslovakia in hopes of using the abundant cheap labour force of Jews to manufacture goods for the German military. Schindler, an opportunistic member of the Nazi party, lavishes bribes upon the army and SS officials in charge of procurement. Sponsored by the military, Schindler acquires a factory for the production of army mess kits. Not knowing much about how to properly run such an enterprise, he gains a contact in Itzhak Stern , a functionary in the local Judenrat who has contacts with the now underground Jewish business community in the Ghetto. They loan him the money for the factory in return for a small share of products produced . Opening the factory, Schindler pleases the Nazis and enjoys his new-found wealth and status as Herr Direktor, while Stern handles all administration. Stern suggests Schindler hire Jews instead of Poles because they cost less . Workers in Schindlers factory are allowed outside the ghetto though, and Stern falsifies documents to ensure that as many people as possible are deemed essential by the Nazi bureaucracy, which saves them from being transported to concentration camps, or even being killed.

　　Amon G th arrives in Krakow to initiate construction of a labor camp nearby, Paszw. The SS soon clears the Krakow ghetto, sending in hundreds of troops to empty the cramped rooms and shoot anyone who protests, is uncooperative, elderly or infirmed, or for no reason at all. Schindler watches the massacre from the hills overlooking the area, and is profoundly affected. He nevertheless is careful to befriend G th and, through Sterns attention to bribery, he continues to enjoy the SSs support and protection. The camp is built outside the city at Paszw. During this time, Schindler bribes G th into allowing him to build a sub-camp for his workers, with the motive of keeping them safe from the depredations of the guards. Eventually, an order arrives from Berlin commanding G th to exhume and destroy all bodies of those killed in the Krakow Ghetto, dismantle Paszw, and to ship the remaining Jews to Auschwitz. Schindler prevails upon G th to let him keep his workers, so that he can move them to a factory in his old home of Zwittau-Brinnlitz, in Moravia, away from the final solution, now fully underway in occupied Poland. G th acquiesces, charging a certain amount for each worker. Schindler and Stern assemble a list of workers that should keep them off the trains to Auschwitz.

　　Schindlers List comprises these skilled inmates, and for many of those in Paszw camp, being included means the difference between life and death. Almost all of the people on Schindlers list arrive safely at the new site, with exception to the train carrying the women and the children, which is accidentally redirected to Auschwitz. There, the women are directed to what they believe is a gas chamber; but they see only water falling from the showers. The day after, the women are shown waiting in line for work. In the meantime, Schindler had rushed immediately to Auschwitz to solve the problem and to get the women off from Auschwitz; to this aim he bribes the camp commander, Rudolf H with a cache of diamonds so that he is able to spare all the women and the children. However, a last problem arises just when all the women are boarding the train because several SS officers attempt to hold some children back and prevent them from leaving. So Schindler, who is there to personally oversee the boarding, steps in and is successful in obtaining from the officers the release of the children. Once the Schindler women arrive in Zwittau-Brinnlitz, Schindler institutes firm controls on the Nazi guards assigned to the factory, permits the Jews to observe the Sabbath, and spends much of his fortune bribing Nazi officials. In his home town, he surprises his wife while shes in church during mass, and tells her that she is the only woman in his life . She goes with him to the factory to assist him. He runs out of money just as the German army surrenders, ending the war in Europe.

　　As a German Nazi and self-described profiteer of slave labor, Schindler must flee the oncoming Soviet Red Army. After dismissing the Nazi guards to return to their families, he packs a car in the night, and bids farewell to his workers. They give him a letter explaining he is not a criminal to them, together with a ring engraved with the Talmudic quotation, He who saves the life of one man, saves the world entire. Schindler is touched but deeply distraught, feeling he couldve done more to save many more lives. He leaves with his wife during the night. The Schindler Jews, having slept outside the factory gates through the night, are awakened by sunlight the next morning. A Soviet dragoon arrives and announces to the Jews that they have been liberated by the Red Army. The Jews walk to a nearby town in search of food. As they walk abreast, the frame changes to another of the Schindler Jews in the present day at the grave of Oskar Schindler in Israel. The film ends by showing a procession of now-aged Jews who worked in Schindlers factory, each of whom reverently sets a stone on his grave. The actors portraying the major characters walk hand-in-hand with the people they portrayed, also placing stones on Schindlers grave as they pass. The audience learns that the survivors and descendants of the approximately 1,100 Jews sheltered by Schindler now number over 6,000. The Jewish population of Poland, once numbering in the millions, was at the time of the films release approximately 4,000. In the final scene, a man places a pair of roses on the grave, and stands contemplatively over it.

　　简 介

　　影片评价

　　探寻和讴歌在特殊环境中的人性发展轨迹

　　具有巨大影响的震撼力和深沉而令人痛苦的艺术魅力

　　深具史诗的格局和撼人心魄的情绪力量

　　剧情介绍

　　1939 年，波兰在纳粹德国的统治下，党卫军对犹太人进行了隔离统治。德国商人奥斯卡辛德勒来到德军统治下的克拉科夫，开设了一间搪瓷厂，生产军需用品。凭着出众的社交能力和大量的金钱，辛德勒和德军建立了良好的关系，他的工厂雇用犹太人工作，大发战争财。

　　1943年，克拉科夫的犹太人遭到了惨绝人寰的大屠杀，辛德勒目睹这一切，受到了极大的震撼，他贿赂军官，让自己的工厂成为集中营的附属劳役营，在那些疯狂屠杀的日子里，他的工厂也成为了犹太人的避难所。

　　1944 年，德国战败前夕，屠杀犹太人的行动越发疯狂，辛德勒向德军军官开出了1200人的名单，倾家荡产买下了这些犹太人的生命。在那些暗无天日的岁月里，拯救一个人，就是拯救全世界。

　　背景资料

　　《辛德勒的名单》一片将作为电影史上永恒的光辉而存在，它是电影史上一部经典的作品。斯蒂芬斯皮尔伯格的名字也将与这部影片联系在一起而永远流传下去。

　　1993 年，美国著名导演史蒂文斯皮尔伯格带领《辛德勒的名单》一片摄制组初抵波兰，就在他们跨进二战期间克拉科夫中营准备安营扎寨之时，突然收到全美犹太人协会从纽约发来的一封急电：请勿惊扰亡魂，让他们安息吧。斯皮尔伯格读完这聊聊数语的电文，一言不发。他当即下令摄制组全体人员撤离克拉科夫集中营，转移到几十公里以外，搭置布景拍摄。与此同时，他独自一人离开了摄制组，乘飞机直接飞往纽约。斯皮尔伯格不派代表，不借助电话、电报、电传等迅速方便的现代化通讯工具而横跨大西洋，亲赴纽约向犹协致歉，他的谦逊和诚意令犹协全体成员无不动容。难怪后来国际影评界交口赞誉《辛德勒的名单》是一位充满人道主义精神的导演拍摄的一部洋溢人道主义气息的电影。

　　《辛德勒的名单》让世界感到震惊--这部深刻揭露德国纳粹屠杀犹太人恐怖罪行的电影，于1994年3月1日在德国法兰克福首映，德国总统亲自出席了影片的首映式。

　　美国总统克林顿看过此片后印象很深，以至在一次资讯发布会上疾呼：我迫切要求你们去看看这部影片。

　　《辛德勒的名单》具有如此巨大影响的震撼力和如此深沉而令人痛苦的艺术魅力，应该说，是与斯皮尔伯格身上流着犹太人的血液，以及童年时代亲身体验过犹太人遭受歧视的痛苦;以及他源于乌克兰的大家族中竟有17 位成员在波兰纳粹集中营中被谋害;以及他的内心深处对辛德勒--这位犹太人的大恩人怀有虔敬感恩的心态等一系列无法逃避的事实分不开的。

　　早在1982年，斯皮尔伯格收到他的制片人寄给他由澳大利亚小说家托马斯科内雅雷斯所著的《辛德勒的名单》，从不细读小说的斯皮尔伯格一反常态，不仅仔细阅读完这部小说，还当即拍板买下其改编、制片权。他意识到这是他渴望已久的题材，但他自知时机尚不成熟。

　　直至10年以后，即进入1993年的春天，影界一些要人劝他放弃这部非商业性影片的拍摄计划，他所在电影公司的一个头面人物甚至提出：与其拍此片，不如把钱捐给大屠杀博物馆。这句话激怒了斯皮尔伯格，更促成了他下走决心不惜付出任何代价都要坚持拍成这部影片。电影公司最后作了让步，不得不让这位向来以游戏心态拍摄惊险片、恐怖片和科幻片而著称于世的孩童导演去实现他的梦想。为了这部影片，斯皮尔伯格首次放弃了惯用的电影特技，拒绝援请好莱坞影星主演，仅请一位奥斯威辛集中营中的幸存者做副导演和被辛德勒拯救出的犹太人做影片顾问。就这祥，他仅耗资2300万美元就拍出了这部长达3小时15分钟的影片。这部影片的拍摄对斯皮尔伯格来说是一次新的体验，压抑的情感闸门一下打开，他说：这次我感到重要的不是我的想象力，而是我的良心，突然间，我一惯用来逃避现实的摄像机直面现实，在拍摄中我哭了，我每天都流下了热泪。

　　为了方便工作，斯皮尔伯格把家人接到了波兰，可每天14小时紧张的拍摄工作之后，亲人也无法把他从白天的思绪中解脱出来。在影片拍摄过程中，斯皮尔伯格不止一次因无法控制自己的感情而迫使拍摄中途停止。当他用手势指挥群众演员--健康的到右边，有病的到左边时，他感到自己就像纳粹党徒;当他指挥剃光妇女的头发、剥光她们的衣裤，把她们像牲口一样赶来赶去时，他的心都要碎了。他说：这是我一生中最可怕的经历。几个星期里，他不和剧组里的德籍演员握手，不向那些身着纳粹军服的扮演演员打招呼，他以为自己就生活在当年的纳粹集中营里，4个月后，影片在波兰封镜，身心疲惫的斯皮尔伯格脸上才终于露出一点笑容。拍完此片，斯皮尔伯格谢绝了片酬并决定将个人赢利全部捐给美国大屠杀博物馆。

　　《辛德勒的名单》虽是以黑白摄影为主调，仍是彩色大制作的规模，全片有126个角色，动用3万名临时演员演出。在波兰除有30个外景场地，还搭制了140个布景配合。前幕后动用了百余名犹太人参加工作，让他们重温一次纳粹恐怖血腥的恶梦。影片情节波涛汹涌，气势悲壮，一幅幅画面--以黑白摄影为主调的纪录片的纪实性手法，表现德国纳粹疯狂灭绝犹太人的恐怖，其惨状催人泪下。

　　《辛德勒的名单》成为全球最瞩目的影片，其思想的严肃性和非凡的艺术表现气质都达到了几乎令人难以超越的深度。描写犹太人在二次世界大战时期遭受集体屠杀的影片过去也拍过不少，但是以德国人良知觉醒并且不惜冒生命危险反叛纳粹，营救犹太人的真实故事片，这还是第一部。影片中，辛德勒开始时并不是位英雄，为什么最后他成了一名英雄，影片并未作出解答--所表现的只是他的行为。斯皮尔伯格动用了一个小小的具有象征含义的效果陪衬：

　　在清洗克拉科夫犹太人居住区时，辛德勒在挥舞棍棒、疯狂扫射的冲锋队和被驱赶的犹太人之间看见了一个穿行于暴行和屠杀而几乎未受到伤害的穿红衣服的小女孩。这情景使辛德勒受到极大的震动。斯皮尔伯格将女孩处理成全片转变的关键人物，在黑白摄影的画面中，只有这小女孩用红色。在辛德勒眼里，小女孩是黑白色调的整个屠杀场面的亮点--后来女孩子又一次出现--她躺在一辆运尸车上正被送往焚尸炉。

　　这一画面成为经典之笔它的摄影的深层内涵和艺术价值远远超过一般意义上的电影作品。从影片开头到纳粹宣布投降，都是用黑白摄影，目的在于加强真实感，也象征了犹太人的黑暗时代。后来纳粹投降，当犹太人走出集中营时，银幕上突然大放光明，出现灿烂的彩色，使观众有从黑暗中走到阳光下的感受，可以体验到剧中人解除死亡威胁的开朗心情。影片的摄影指导扎努西卡曼斯基掌握了黑白摄影的画面质感，在沉重中有厚重的味道，

　　特别是在拍摄波兰的贫民区时，矮墙、砖块、潮湿气息，还原了时代的真实氛围

　　同时由爱尔兰影星利亚姆尼森饰演的辛德勒，由曾主演《甘地》而获奥斯卡金奖的本金斯利饰演犹太人斯特恩所组成的强大的演员阵容，也是使这部影片成功不可缺少的因素。

　　一部好的电影，很难以达到像《辛德勒的名单》这样简直令人无法挑剔的完美。应该这样说，它的存在是电影的一种永恒。奥斯卡金像奖，只是作为它的一个褪色的陪衬。

　　第66 届奥斯卡金像奖最佳影片《辛德勒的名单》

　　本片获得奥斯卡7项大奖最佳电影、最佳导演、最佳编剧、最佳摄影、最佳艺术指导、最佳剪辑、最佳音乐。本片也是史蒂芬斯皮尔伯格反省历史浩劫的人道主义之作，这也是他从影以来首度获得影评界一致肯定的作品。