判断题是雅思阅读考试中最经典、最常见、也是难度颇大的一类题型。很多考生面对这一类题都有心理上的恐惧。除了偶尔会有定位困难的问题之外,让考生最头疼的问题是即使能够准确定位,也经常会在判断上出错,以致功亏一篑。这里最大的一个症结是许多考生未能充分理解TRUE,FALSE,NOT GIVEN这三个判断词的内在涵义及其区别,尤其在FALSE和NOT GIVEN的不同点上很多人只是一知半解。笔者在这篇文章中主要就这三个词涵义上的差别谈一下浅见。
首先,我们来看TRUE的涵义。题目选TRUE的情况一般不难判断。当题目和原文对应的信息表述一致时,此题即判断为TRUE。这里所谓的表述一致有两个层面的判断:一、主题信息要对等;二、句中关于主题信息的论述和说明也要一致。因为任何英语句子,其句义无非就是两个方面:主题以及对主题的说明,所以只要这两点符合,即可判断为TRUE,试举一例说明:
题目:In the past, Australians had a higher opinion of doctors than they do today.
原文:The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded as a consequence.
定位完成后先看主题信息的对应,题目中医生在原文中能找到对应,而澳大利亚人虽然原文中没有对应,但从前句的信息来判断,原文的范围确实是在澳大利亚。主题信息对应上了,接着就看两者对主题的论述是否一致了。题目说过去人们对医生有更高的评价,言下之意也就是说现在的评价下降了,而原文中的has been eroded正是此意,两者完全匹配,所以选TRUE。
另外需要补充的一点是,所谓选TRUE,并不意味着题目和原文百分之百的相等,只要两者的表述是在同一个方向上的便可,例如same和similar这两个表述就可以等同为是一致的。
下面重点讲FALSE和NOT GIVEN的差别。先来看一看Vanessa Jakeman和Clare McDowell这两位雅思界的泰斗对FALSE和NOT GIVEN的区别做出的说明:
If you write False as your answer, you are saying that the information expressed in the question is the opposite of that presented in text. This is quite different from a Not Given answer, which says that you can find nothing in the text about the information.
这段话中的opposite 一词点出了False和Not Given的根本差别。也就是说选False还是选Not Given,关键是看题目的表述和原文的表述是否对立,若判断为对立,那就应该选False,而选Not Given的情况是两者表述并不对立,只是题目的信息在原文中找不到相对等的表述。这里简单举一个小例子就可以说明这一点:
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