《中国的北极政策》白皮书全文

国务院资讯办公室26日发表《中国的北极政策》白皮书。全文如下：

中国的北极政策

China's Arctic Policy

（2018年1月26日）

January 26, 2018

中华人民共和国国务院资讯办公室

Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China

目录

Contents

前言

Foreword

一、北极的形势与变化

I.The Arctic Situation and Recent Changes

二、中国与北极的关系

II. China and the Arctic

三、中国的北极政策目标和基本原则

III. China's Policy Goals and Basic Principles on the Arctic

四、中国参与北极事务的主要政策主张

IV. China's Policies and Positions on Participating in Arctic Affairs

结束语

Conclusion

前言

Foreword

近年来，全球气候变暖，北极冰雪融化加速。在经济全球化、区域一体化不断深入发展的背景下，北极在战略、经济、科研、环保、航道、资源等方面的价值不断提升，受到国际社会的普遍关注。北极问题已超出北极国家间问题和区域问题的范畴，涉及北极域外国家的利益和国际社会的整体利益，攸关人类生存与发展的共同命运，具有全球意义和国际影响。

Global warming in recent years has accelerated the melting of ice and snow in the Arctic region. As economic globalization and regional integration further develops and deepens, the Arctic is gaining global significance for its rising strategic, economic values and those relating to scientific research, environmental protection, sea passages, and natural resources. The Arctic situation now goes beyond its original inter-Arctic States or regional nature, having a vital bearing on the interests of States outside the region and the interests of the international community as a whole, as well as on the survival, the development, and the shared future for mankind. It is an issue with global implications and international impacts.

中国倡导构建人类命运共同体，是北极事务的积极参与者、建设者和贡献者，努力为北极发展贡献中国智慧和中国力量。为了阐明中国在北极问题上的基本立场，阐释中国参与北极事务的政策目标、基本原则和主要政策主张，指导中国相关部门和机构开展北极活动和北极合作，推动有关各方更好参与北极治理，与国际社会一道共同维护和促进北极的和平、稳定和可持续发展，中国政府发表本白皮书。

A champion for the development of a community with a shared future for mankind, China is an active participant, builder and contributor in Arctic affairs who has spared no efforts to contribute its wisdom to the development of the Arctic region. The Chinese government hereby issues this white paper, to expound its basic positions on Arctic affairs, to elaborate on its policy goals, basic principles and major policies and positions regarding its engagement in Arctic affairs, to guide relevant Chinese government departments and institutions in Arctic-related activities and cooperation, to encourage relevant parties to get better involved in Arctic governance, and to work with the international community to safeguard and promote peace and stability in, and the sustainable development of, the Arctic.

一、北极的形势与变化

I.The Arctic Situation and Recent Changes

北极具有特殊的地理位置。地理上的北极通常指北极圈（约北纬66度34分）以北的陆海兼备的区域，总面积约2100万平方公里。在国际法语境下，北极包括欧洲、亚洲和北美洲的毗邻北冰洋的北方大陆和相关岛屿，以及北冰洋中的国家管辖范围内海域、公海和国际海底区域。北极事务没有统一适用的单一国际条约，它由《联合国宪章》《联合国海洋法公约》《斯匹次卑尔根群岛条约》等国际条约和一般国际法予以规范。

The Arctic is situated at a special geographical location. It commonly refers to the area of land and sea north of the Arctic Circle (approximately 66 degrees 34 minutes N), totaling about 21 million square kilometers. In the context of international law, the Arctic includes the northernmost landmasses of Europe, Asia and North America adjacent to the Arctic Ocean and the relevant islands, and a combination of sea areas within national jurisdiction, high seas, and the Area in the Arctic Ocean. There is no single comprehensive treaty for all Arctic affairs. The Charter of the United Nations, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the Spitsbergen Treaty and other treaties and general international law govern Arctic affairs at present.

北极的大陆和岛屿面积约800万平方公里，有关大陆和岛屿的领土主权分别属于加拿大、丹麦、芬兰、冰岛、挪威、俄罗斯、瑞典、美国八个北极国家。北冰洋海域的面积超过1200万平方公里，相关海洋权益根据国际法由沿岸国和各国分享。北冰洋沿岸国拥有内水、领海、毗连区、专属经济区和大陆架等管辖海域，北冰洋中还有公海和国际海底区域。

The continental and insular land territories in the Arctic cover an area of about 8 million square kilometers, with sovereignty over them belonging to Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the United States, respectively. The Arctic Ocean covers an area of more than 12 million square kilometers, in which coastal States and other States share maritime rights and interests in accordance with international law. These coastal States have within their jurisdiction internal waters, territorial seas, contiguous zones, exclusive economic zones, and continental shelves in the Arctic Ocean. Certain areas of the Arctic Ocean form part of the high seas and the Area.

北极域外国家在北极不享有领土主权，但依据《联合国海洋法公约》等国际条约和一般国际法在北冰洋公海等海域享有科研、航行、飞越、捕鱼、铺设海底电缆和管道等权利，在国际海底区域享有资源勘探和开发等权利。此外，《斯匹次卑尔根群岛条约》缔约国有权自由进出北极特定区域，并依法在该特定区域内平等享有开展科研以及从事生产和商业活动的权利，包括狩猎、捕鱼、采矿等。

States from outside the Arctic region do not have territorial sovereignty in the Arctic, but they do have rights in respect of scientific research, navigation, overflight, fishing, laying of submarine cables and pipelines in the high seas and other relevant sea areas in the Arctic Ocean, and rights to resource exploration and exploitation in the Area, pursuant to treaties such as UNCLOS and general international law. In addition, Contracting Parties to the Spitsbergen Treaty enjoy the liberty of access and entry to certain areas of the Arctic, the right under conditions of equality and, in accordance with law, to the exercise and practice of scientific research, production and commercial activities such as hunting, fishing, and mining in these areas.

北极具有独特的自然环境和丰富的资源，大部分海域常年被冰层覆盖。当前，北极自然环境正经历快速变化。过去30多年间，北极地区温度上升，使北极夏季海冰持续减少。据科学家预测，北极海域可能在本世纪中叶甚至更早出现季节性无冰现象。一方面，北极冰雪融化不仅导致北极自然环境变化，而且可能引发气候变暖加速、海平面上升、极端天气现象增多、生物多样性受损等全球性问题。另一方面，北极冰雪融化可能逐步改变北极开发利用的条件，为各国商业利用北极航道和开发北极资源提供机遇。北极的商业开发利用不仅将对全球航运、国际贸易和世界能源供应格局产生重要影响，对北极的经济社会发展带来巨大变化，对北极居民和土著人的生产和生活方式产生重要影响，还可能对北极生态环境造成潜在威胁。在处理涉北极全球性问题方面，国际社会命运与共。

The Arctic boasts a unique natural environment and rich resources, with most of its sea area covered under thick ice for most of the year. The Arctic natural environment is now undergoing rapid changes. Over the past three decades, temperature has been rising continuously in the Arctic, resulting in diminishing sea ice in summer. Scientists predict that by the middle of this century or even earlier, there may be no ice in the Arctic Ocean for part of the year. On the one hand, melting ice in the Arctic has led to changes in the natural environment, or possibly can result in accelerated global warming, rising sea levels, increased extreme weather events, damaged biodiversity, and other global problems. On the other, with the ice melted, conditions for the development of the Arctic may be gradually changed, offering opportunities for the commercial use of sea routes and development of resources in the region. Commercial activities in the region will have considerable impact on global shipping, international trade and energy supply, bring about major social and economic changes, and exert important influence on the way of work and life of Arctic residents including the indigenous peoples. They may also pose a potential threat to the ecological environment of the Arctic. The international community faces the same threat and shares the same future in addressing global issues concerning the Arctic.

二、中国与北极的关系

II. China and the Arctic

中国是北极事务的重要利益攸关方。中国在地缘上是“近北极国家”，是陆上最接近北极圈的国家之一。北极的自然状况及其变化对中国的气候系统和生态环境有着直接的影响，进而关系到中国在农业、林业、渔业、海洋等领域的经济利益。

China is an important stakeholder in Arctic affairs. Geographically, China is a "Near-Arctic State", one of the continental States that are closest to the Arctic Circle. The natural conditions of the Arctic and their changes have a direct impact on China's climate system and ecological environment, and, in turn, on its economic interests in agriculture, forestry, fishery, marine industry and other sectors.

同时，中国与北极的跨区域和全球性问题息息相关，特别是北极的气候变化、环境、科研、航道利用、资源勘探与开发、安全、国际治理等问题，关系到世界各国和人类的共同生存与发展，与包括中国在内的北极域外国家的利益密不可分。中国在北冰洋公海、国际海底区域等海域和特定区域享有《联合国海洋法公约》《斯匹次卑尔根群岛条约》等国际条约和一般国际法所规定的科研、航行、飞越、捕鱼、铺设海底电缆和管道、资源勘探与开发等自由或权利。中国是联合国安理会常任理事国，肩负着共同维护北极和平与安全的重要使命。中国是世界贸易大国和能源消费大国，北极的航道和资源开发利用可能对中国的能源战略和经济发展产生巨大影响。中国的资金、技术、市场、知识和经验在拓展北极航道网络和促进航道沿岸国经济社会发展方面可望发挥重要作用。中国在北极与北极国家利益相融合，与世界各国休戚与共。

China is also closely involved in the trans-regional and global issues in the Arctic, especially in such areas as climate change, environment, scientific research, utilization of shipping routes, resource exploration and exploitation, security, and global governance. These issues are vital to the existence and development of all countries and humanity, and directly affect the interests of non-Arctic States including China. China enjoys the freedom or rights of scientific research, navigation, overflight, fishing, laying of submarine cables and pipelines, and resource exploration and exploitation in the high seas, the Area and other relevant sea areas, and certain special areas in the Arctic Ocean, as stipulated in treaties such as the UNCLOS and the Spitsbergen Treaty, and general international law. As a permanent member of the UN Security Council, China shoulders the important mission of jointly promoting peace and security in the Arctic. The utilization of sea routes and exploration and development of the resources in the Arctic may have a huge impact on the energy strategy and economic development of China, which is a major trading nation and energy consumer in the world. China's capital, technology, market, knowledge and experience is expected to play a major role in expanding the network of shipping routes in the Arctic and facilitating the economic and social progress of the coastal States along the routes. China has shared interests with Arctic States and a shared future with the rest of the world in the Arctic.

中国参与北极事务由来已久。1925年，中国加入《斯匹次卑尔根群岛条约》，正式开启参与北极事务的进程。此后，中国关于北极的探索不断深入，实践不断增加，活动不断扩展，合作不断深化。1996年，中国成为国际北极科学委员会成员国，中国的北极科研活动日趋活跃。从1999年起，中国以“雪龙”号科考船为平台，成功进行了多次北极科学考察。2004年，中国在斯匹次卑尔根群岛的新奥尔松地区建成“中国北极黄河站”。截至2017年年底，中国在北极地区已成功开展了八次北冰洋科学考察和14个年度的黄河站站基科学考察。借助船站平台，中国在北极地区逐步建立起海洋、冰雪、大气、生物、地质等多学科观测体系。2005年，中国成功承办了涉北极事务高级别会议的北极科学高峰周活动，开亚洲国家承办之先河。2013年，中国成为北极理事会正式观察员。近年来，中国企业开始积极探索北极航道的商业利用。中国的北极活动已由单纯的科学研究拓展至北极事务的诸多方面，涉及全球治理、区域合作、多边和双边机制等多个层面，涵盖科学研究、生态环境、气候变化、经济开发和人文交流等多个领域。作为国际社会的重要成员，中国对北极国际规则的制定和北极治理机制的构建发挥了积极作用。中国发起共建“丝绸之路经济带”和“21世纪海上丝绸之路”（“一带一路”）重要合作倡议，与各方共建“冰上丝绸之路”，为促进北极地区互联互通和经济社会可持续发展带来合作机遇。

China has long been involved in Arctic affairs. In 1925, China joined the Spitsbergen Treaty and started to participate in addressing the Arctic affairs. Since then, China has exerted more efforts in the exploration of the Arctic, expanding the scope of activities, gaining more experience and deepening cooperation with other participants. China's membership in the International Arctic Science Committee in 1996 marked its more active participation in scientific research in the Arctic. Since 1999, China has organized a number of scientific expeditions in the Arctic, with its research vessel Xue Long (Snow Dragon) as the platform. In 2004, China built the Arctic Yellow River Station in Ny Alesund in the Spitsbergen Archipelago. By the end of 2017, China has carried out eight scientific expeditions in the Arctic Ocean, and conducted research for 14 years with the Yellow River Station as the base. Using its research vessel and stations as platforms, China has gradually established a multi-discipline observation system covering the sea, ice and snow, atmosphere, biological, and geological system of the Arctic. The year 2005 saw China as the first Asian country to host the Arctic Science Summit Week, a high-level conference on Arctic affairs. In 2013, China became an accredited observer to the Arctic Council. In recent years, Chinese companies have begun to explore the commercial opportunities associated with Arctic shipping routes. China's activities in the Arctic have gone beyond mere scientific research, and expanded into diverse areas of Arctic affairs including the platforms of global governance, regional cooperation, and bilateral and multilateral affairs, and such disciplines as scientific research, ecological environment, climate change, economic development, and cultural exchanges. As an important member of the international community, China has played a constructive role in the formulation of Arctic-related international rules and the development of its governance system. The Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road (Belt and Road Initiative), an important cooperation initiative of China, will bring opportunities for parties concerned to jointly build a "Polar Silk Road", and facilitate connectivity and sustainable economic and social development of the Arctic.

三、中国的北极政策目标和基本原则

III. China's Policy Goals and Basic Principles on the Arctic

中国的北极政策目标是：认识北极、保护北极、利用北极和参与治理北极，维护各国和国际社会在北极的共同利益，推动北极的可持续发展。

China's policy goals on the Arctic are: to understand, protect, develop and participate in the governance of the Arctic, so as to safeguard the common interests of all countries and the international community in the Arctic, and promote sustainable development of the Arctic.

认识北极就是要提高北极的科学研究水平和能力，不断深化对北极的科学认知和了解，探索北极变化和发展的客观规律，为增强人类保护、利用和治理北极的能力创造有利条件。

To understand the Arctic,China will improve the capacity and capability in scientific research on the Arctic, pursue a deeper understanding and knowledge of the Arctic science, and explore the natural laws behind its changes and development, so as to create favorable conditions for mankind to better protect, develop, and govern the Arctic.

保护北极就是要积极应对北极气候变化，保护北极独特的自然环境和生态系统，不断提升北极自身的气候、环境和生态适应力，尊重多样化的社会文化以及土著人的历史传统。

To protect the Arctic, China will actively respond to climate change in the Arctic, protect its unique natural environment and ecological system, promote its own climatic, environmental and ecological resilience, and respect its diverse social culture and the historical traditions of the indigenous peoples.

利用北极就是要不断提高北极技术的应用水平和能力，不断加强在技术创新、环境保护、资源利用、航道开发等领域的北极活动，促进北极的经济社会发展和改善当地居民的生活条件，实现共同发展。

To develop the Arctic, China will improve the capacity and capability in using applied Arctic technology, strengthen technological innovation, environmental protection, resource utilization, and development of shipping routes in the Arctic, and contribute to the economic and social development of the Arctic, improve the living conditions of the local people and strive for common development.

参与治理北极就是要依据规则、通过机制对北极事务和活动进行规范和管理。对外，中国坚持依据包括《联合国宪章》《联合国海洋法公约》和气候变化、环境等领域的国际条约以及国际海事组织有关规则在内的现有国际法框架，通过全球、区域、多边和双边机制应对各类传统与非传统安全挑战，构建和维护公正、合理、有序的北极治理体系。对内，中国坚持依法规范和管理国内北极事务和活动，稳步增强认识、保护和利用北极的能力，积极参与北极事务国际合作。

To participate in the governance of the Arctic, China will participate in regulating and managing the affairs and activities relating to the Arctic on the basis of rules and mechanisms. Internationally, China is committed to the existing framework of international law including the UN Charter, UNCLOS, treaties on climate change and the environment, and relevant rules of the International Maritime Organization, and to addressing various traditional and non-traditional security threats through global, regional, multilateral and bilateral mechanisms, and to building and maintaining a just, reasonable and well-organized Arctic governance system. Domestically, China will regulate and manage Arctic-related affairs and activities within its jurisdiction in accordance with the law, steadily enhance its ability to understand, protect and develop the Arctic, and actively participate in international cooperation in Arctic affairs.

通过认识北极、保护北极、利用北极和参与治理北极，中国致力于同各国一道，在北极领域推动构建人类命运共同体。中国在追求本国利益时，将顾及他国利益和国际社会整体利益，兼顾北极保护与发展，平衡北极当前利益与长远利益，以推动北极的可持续发展。

Through all the above efforts to understand, protect, develop and participate in the governance of the Arctic, China will work with all other countries to build a community with a shared future for mankind in the Arctic region. While pursuing its own interests, China will pay due regard to the interests of other countries and the broader international community, bear in mind the importance of the protection and development of the Arctic, and of keeping in proper balance its current and long-term interests, so as to promote the sustainable development of the Arctic.

为了实现上述政策目标，中国本着“尊重、合作、共赢、可持续”的基本原则参与北极事务。

In order to realize the above-mentioned policy goals, China will participate in Arctic affairs in accordance with the basic principles of "respect, cooperation, win-win result and sustainability".

尊重是中国参与北极事务的重要基础。尊重就是要相互尊重，包括各国都应遵循《联合国宪章》《联合国海洋法公约》等国际条约和一般国际法，尊重北极国家在北极享有的主权、主权权利和管辖权，尊重北极土著人的传统和文化，也包括尊重北极域外国家依法在北极开展活动的权利和自由，尊重国际社会在北极的整体利益。

"Respect" is the key basis for China's participation in Arctic affairs. Respect should be reciprocal. It means all States should abide by international treaties such as the UN Charter and the UNCLOS, as well as general international law. They should respect the sovereignty, sovereign rights, and jurisdiction enjoyed by the Arctic States in this region, respect the tradition and culture of the indigenous peoples, as well as respect the rights and freedom of non-Arctic States to carry out activities in this region in accordance with the law, and respect the overall interests of the international community in the Arctic.

合作是中国参与北极事务的有效途径。合作就是要在北极建立多层次、全方位、宽领域的合作关系。通过全球、区域、多边和双边等多层次的合作形式，推动北极域内外国家、政府间国际组织、非国家实体等众多利益攸关方共同参与，在气候变化、科研、环保、航道、资源、人文等领域进行全方位的合作。

"Cooperation" is an effective means for China's participation in Arctic affairs. It means establishing a relationship of multi-level, omni-dimensional and wide-ranging cooperation in this area. Through global, regional, multilateral and bilateral channels, all stakeholders - including States from both inside and outside the Arctic, intergovernmental organizations, and non-state entities - are encouraged to take part in cooperation on climate change, scientific research, environmental protection, shipping route development, resource utilization and cultural activities.

共赢是中国参与北极事务的价值追求。共赢就是要在北极事务各利益攸关方之间追求互利互惠，以及在各活动领域之间追求和谐共进。不仅要实现各参与方之间的共赢，确保北极国家、域外国家和非国家实体的普惠，并顾及北极居民和土著人群体的利益，而且要实现北极各领域活动的协调发展，确保北极的自然保护和社会发展相统一。

"Win-win result" is the value pursuit of China's participation in Arctic affairs. It means all stakeholders in this area should pursue mutual benefit and common progress in all fields of activities. Such cooperation should ensure that the benefits are shared by both Arctic and non-Arctic States as well as by non-state entities, and should accommodate the interests of local residents including the indigenous peoples. It should also help to promote coordinated development of activities in all fields to ensure the harmony between natural conservation and social development.

可持续是中国参与北极事务的根本目标。可持续就是要在北极推动环境保护、资源开发利用和人类活动的可持续性，致力于北极的永续发展。实现北极人与自然的和谐共存，实现生态环境保护与经济社会发展的有机协调，实现开发利用与管理保护的平衡兼顾，实现当代人利益与后代人利益的代际公平。

"Sustainability" is the fundamental goal of China's participation in Arctic affairs. This means promoting the sustainable development of the Arctic by ensuring the sustainability of environmental protection, resource utilization and human activities in the area. It means realizing harmonious coexistence between man and nature, better coordination between ecological protection, economic growth and social progress, better balance between utilization, management and protection, and intergenerational equity.

四、中国参与北极事务的主要政策主张

IV. China's Policies and Positions on Participating in Arctic Affairs

中国参与北极事务坚持科研先导，强调保护环境、主张合理利用、倡导依法治理和国际合作，并致力于维护和平、安全、稳定的北极秩序。

When participating in Arctic affairs, China prioritizes scientific research, underscores the importance of environmental protection, rational utilization, law-based governance and international cooperation, and commits itself to maintaining a peaceful, secure and stable Arctic order.

（一）不断深化对北极的探索和认知

1. Deepening the exploration and understanding of the Arctic

北极具有重要的科研价值。探索和认知北极是中国北极活动的优先方向和重点领域。

The Arctic holds great value for scientific research. To explore and understand the Arctic serves as the priority and focus for China in its Arctic activities.

中国积极推动北极科学考察和研究。中国尊重北极国家对其国家管辖范围内北极科考活动的专属管辖权，主张通过合作依法在北极国家管辖区域内开展北极科考活动，坚持各国在北冰洋公海享有科研自由。中国积极开展北极地质、地理、冰雪、水文、气象、海冰、生物、生态、地球物理、海洋化学等领域的多学科科学考察；积极参与北极气候与环境变化的监测和评估，通过建立北极多要素协同观测体系，合作建设科学考察或观测站、建设和参与北极观测网络，对大气、海洋、海冰、冰川、土壤、生物生态、环境质量等要素进行多层次和多领域的连续观测。中国致力于提高北极科学考察和研究的能力建设，加强北极科考站点和科考船只等保障平台的建设与维护并提升其功能，推进极地科学考察破冰船的建造工作等。

China actively promotes scientific expedition and research in the Arctic. China respects the Arctic States' exclusive jurisdiction over research activities under their national jurisdiction, maintains that scientific research in areas under the jurisdiction of Arctic States should be carried out through cooperation in accordance with the law, and stresses that all States have the freedom of scientific research on the high seas of the Arctic Ocean. China is actively involved in multi-disciplinary research including Arctic geology, geography, ice and snow, hydrology, meteorology, sea ice, biology, ecology, geophysics and marine chemistry. It actively participates in monitoring and assessing local climatic and environmental changes, and carries out multi-level and multi-domain continuous observation of atmosphere, sea, sea ice, glaciers, soil, bio-ecological character and environmental quality through the establishment of multi-element Arctic observation system, construction of cooperative research (observation) stations, and development of and participation in the Arctic observation network. China is committed to improving its capacity in Arctic expedition and research, strengthening the construction, maintenance and functions of research stations, vessels and other supporting platforms in the Arctic, and promoting the building of icebreakers for scientific purposes.

中国支持和鼓励北极科研活动，不断加大北极科研投入的力度，支持构建现代化的北极科研平台，努力提高北极科研能力和水平。大力开展北极自然科学研究，加强北极气候变化和生态环境研究，进一步推动物理、化学、生命、地球等基础学科的发展。不断加强北极社会科学研究，包括北极政治、经济、法律、社会、历史、文化以及北极活动管理等方面，促进北极自然科学和社会科学研究的协同创新。加强北极人才培养和科普教育，支持高校和科研机构培养北极自然和社会科学领域的专业人才，建立北极科普教育基地，出版北极相关文化产品，提高公民的北极意识。积极推进北极科研国际合作，推动建立开放包容的国际北极环境监测网络，支持通过国际北极科学委员会等平台开展务实合作，鼓励中国科学家开展北极国际学术交流与合作，推动中国高校和科研机构加盟“北极大学”协作网络。

China supports and encourages research activities in the Arctic by constantly increasing investment in scientific research, building modernized research platforms, and improving the capacity in, and level of, research on the Arctic. It is making a greater effort to advance research in the fields of natural science, climate change and ecological environment, accelerate the development of basic subjects such as physics, chemistry, life science and earth science, strengthen social science research including Arctic politics, economy, law, society, history, culture and management of Arctic activities, and promote innovation in both natural and social sciences. It is also working to strengthen personnel training and public awareness of the Arctic, support higher learning and research institutions to train professionals specialized in natural and social sciences on the Arctic, build science popularization and education centers, and publish cultural products on the Arctic to improve public knowledge. It actively promotes international cooperation on Arctic research, pushes for an open and inclusive international monitoring network of the Arctic environment, supports pragmatic cooperation through platforms such as the International Arctic Science Committee, encourages Chinese scientists to carry out international academic exchanges and cooperation on the Arctic, and encourages Chinese higher learning and research institutions to join the network of the University of the Arctic.

技术装备是认知、利用和保护北极的基础。中国鼓励发展注重生态环境保护的极地技术装备，积极参与北极开发的基础设施建设，推动深海远洋考察、冰区勘探、大气和生物观测等领域的装备升级，促进在北极海域石油与天然气钻采、可再生能源开发、冰区航行和监测以及新型冰级船舶建造等方面的技术创新。

The availability of technical equipment is essential to understanding, utilizing and protecting the Arctic. China encourages the development of environment-friendly polar technical equipment, actively participates in the building of infrastructure for Arctic development, pushes for the upgrade of equipment in the fields of deep sea exploration, ice zone prospecting, and atmosphere and biology observation, and promotes technology innovation in Arctic oil and gas drilling and exploitation, renewable energy development, navigation and monitoring in ice zones, and construction of new-type icebreakers.

（二）保护北极生态环境和应对气候变化

2. Protecting the eco-environment of the Arctic and addressing climate change

中国坚持依据国际法保护北极自然环境，保护北极生态系统，养护北极生物资源，积极参与应对北极环境和气候变化的挑战。

China follows international law in the protection of the natural environment and ecosystem of the Arctic and conservation of its biological resources, and takes an active part in addressing the challenges of environmental and climate change in the Arctic.

1.保护环境

(1) Protecting the Environment

中国始终把解决全球性环境问题放在首要地位，认真履行有关国际条约的义务，承担环境保护责任。中国积极参加北极环境治理，加强北极活动的环境影响研究和环境背景调查，尊重北极国家的相关环保法规，强化环境管理并推动环境合作。

China always gives top priority to resolving global environmental issues, earnestly fulfills its obligations under relevant treaties, and discharges its responsibility of environmental protection. China is actively engaged in improving the Arctic environment by enhancing the environmental background investigation of Arctic activities and the assessment of their environmental impact. It respects the environmental protection laws and regulations of the Arctic States and calls for stronger environmental management and cooperation.

海洋环境是北极环境保护的重点领域。中国支持北冰洋沿岸国依照国际条约减少北极海域陆源污染物的努力，致力于提高公民和企业的环境责任意识，与各国一道加强对船舶排放、海洋倾废、大气污染等各类海洋环境污染源的管控，切实保护北极海洋环境。

The marine environment is a key area for Arctic environmental protection. China supports the Arctic coastal States in their efforts to reduce pollutants in the Arctic waters from land-based sources, in accordance with the relevant treaties, and commits itself to raising the environmental responsibility awareness of its citizens and enterprises. In order to effectively protect the marine environment of the Arctic, China works with other States to enhance control of the sources of marine pollution such as ship discharge, offshore dumping, and air pollution.

2.保护生态

(2) Protecting the Eco-system

北极是全球多种濒危野生动植物的重要分布区域。中国重视北极可持续发展和生物多样性保护，开展全球变化与人类活动对北极生态系统影响的科学评估，加强对北极候鸟及其栖息地的保护，开展北极候鸟迁徙规律研究，提升北极生态系统的适应能力和自我恢复能力，推进在北极物种保护方面的国际合作。

The Arctic is home to several endangered species of wild fauna and flora from around the globe. China attaches importance to the sustainable development and biodiversity protection of the Arctic. It conducts scientific evaluation of the impact on the Arctic ecological system caused by global climate change and human activities, strengthens protection of migratory birds and their habitats, organizes research on the migration patterns of Arctic migratory birds, improves the adaptability and resilience of the Arctic ecological system, and advances international cooperation in the protection of Arctic species of fauna and flora.

3.应对气候变化

(3) Addressing climate change

应对北极气候变化是全球气候治理的重要环节。中国一贯高度重视气候变化问题，已将落实“国家自主贡献”等应对气候变化的措施列入国家整体发展议程和规划，为《巴黎协定》的缔结发挥了重要作用。中国的减排措施对北极的气候生态环境具有积极影响。中国致力于研究北极物质能量交换过程及其机理，评估北极与全球气候变化的相互作用，预测未来气候变化对北极自然资源和生态环境的潜在风险，推动北极冰冻圈科学的发展。加强应对气候变化的宣传、教育，提高公众对气候变化问题的认知水平，促进应对北极气候变化的国际合作。

Addressing climate change in the Arctic is an important part of global climate governance. China consistently takes the issue of climate change seriously. It has included measures to deal with climate change such as Nationally Determined Contributions in its overall national development agenda and planning, and has made significant contributions to the conclusion of the Paris Agreement. China's emission reduction measures have a positive impact on the climatic and ecological environment of the Arctic. China is committed to studying the substance and energy exchange process and mechanisms of the Arctic, evaluating the interaction between the Arctic and global climate change, predicting potential risks posed by future climate change to the Arctic's natural resources and ecological environment, and advancing Arctic cryospheric sciences. It strengthens publicity and education on addressing climate change to raise the public's awareness of the issue, and promotes international cooperation in addressing climate change in the Arctic.

（三）依法合理利用北极资源

3. Utilizing Arctic Resources in a Lawful and Rational Manner

北极资源丰富，但生态环境脆弱。中国倡导保护和合理利用北极，鼓励企业利用自身的资金、技术和国内市场优势，通过国际合作开发利用北极资源。中国一贯主张，开发利用北极的活动应遵循《联合国海洋法公约》《斯匹次卑尔根群岛条约》等国际条约和一般国际法，尊重北极国家的相关法律，并在保护北极生态环境、尊重北极土著人的利益和关切的前提下，以可持续的方式进行。

The Arctic has abundant resources, but a fragile ecosystem. China advocates protection and rational use of the region and encourages its enterprises to engage in international cooperation on the exploration for and utilization of Arctic resources by making the best use of their advantages in capital, technology and domestic market. China maintains that all activities to explore and utilize the Arctic should abide by treaties such as the UNCLOS and the Spitsbergen Treaty as well as general international law, respect the laws of the Arctic States, and proceed in a sustainable way on the condition of properly protecting the eco-environment of the Arctic and respecting the interests and concerns of the indigenous peoples in the region.

1.参与北极航道开发利用

(1) China's participation in the development of Arctic shipping routes

北极航道包括东北航道、西北航道和中央航道。全球变暖使北极航道有望成为国际贸易的重要运输干线。中国尊重北极国家依法对其国家管辖范围内海域行使立法权、执法权和司法权，主张根据《联合国海洋法公约》等国际条约和一般国际法管理北极航道，保障各国依法享有的航行自由以及利用北极航道的权利。中国主张有关国家应依据国际法妥善解决北极航道有关争议。

The Arctic shipping routes comprise the Northeast Passage, Northwest Passage, and the Central Passage. As a result of global warming, the Arctic shipping routes are likely to become important transport routes for international trade. China respects the legislative, enforcement and adjudicatory powers of the Arctic States in the waters subject to their jurisdiction. China maintains that the management of the Arctic shipping routes should be conducted in accordance with treaties including the UNCLOS and general international law and that the freedom of navigation enjoyed by all countries in accordance with the law and their rights to use the Arctic shipping routes should be ensured. China maintains that disputes over the Arctic shipping routes should be properly settled in accordance with international law.

中国愿依托北极航道的开发利用，与各方共建“冰上丝绸之路”。中国鼓励企业参与北极航道基础设施建设，依法开展商业试航，稳步推进北极航道的商业化利用和常态化运行。中国重视北极航道的航行安全，积极开展北极航道研究，不断加强航运水文调查，提高北极航行、安全和后勤保障能力。切实遵守《极地水域船舶航行安全规则》，支持国际海事组织在北极航运规则制定方面发挥积极作用。主张在北极航道基础设施建设和运营方面加强国际合作。

China hopes to work with all parties to build a "Polar Silk Road" through developing the Arctic shipping routes. It encourages its enterprises to participate in the infrastructure construction for these routes and conduct commercial trial voyages in accordance with the law to pave the way for their commercial and regularized operation. China attaches great importance to navigation security in the Arctic shipping routes. It has actively conducted studies on these routes and continuously strengthened hydrographic surveys with the aim to improving the navigation, security and logistical capacities in the Arctic. China abides by the International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code), and supports the International Maritime Organization in playing an active role in formulating navigational rules for the Arctic. China calls for stronger international cooperation on infrastructure construction and operation of the Arctic routes.

2.参与油气和矿产等非生物资源的开发利用

(2) Participating in the exploration for and exploitation of oil, gas, mineral and other non-living resources

中国尊重北极国家根据国际法对其国家管辖范围内油气和矿产资源享有的主权权利，尊重北极地区居民的利益和关切，要求企业遵守相关国家的法律并开展资源开发风险评估，支持企业通过各种合作形式，在保护北极生态环境的前提下参与北极油气和矿产资源开发。

China respects the sovereign rights of Arctic States over oil, gas and mineral resources in the areas subject to their jurisdiction in accordance with international law, and respects the interests and concerns of residents in the region. It requires its enterprises to observe the laws of the relevant States and conduct risk assessments for resource exploration, and encourages them to participate in the exploitation of oil, gas and mineral resources in the Arctic, through cooperation in various forms and on the condition of properly protecting the eco-environment of the Arctic.

北极富含地热、风能等清洁能源。中国致力于加强与北极国家的清洁能源合作，推动与北极国家在清洁能源开发的技术、人才和经验方面开展交流，探索清洁能源的供应和替代利用，实现低碳发展。

The Arctic region boasts an abundance of geothermal, wind, and other clean energy resources. China will work with the Arctic States to strengthen clean energy cooperation, increase exchanges in respect of technology, personnel and experience in this field, explore the supply of clean energy and energy substitution, and pursue low-carbon development.

3.参与渔业等生物资源的养护和利用

(3) Participating in conservation and utilization of fisheries and other living resources

鱼类资源受气候变化等因素影响出现向北迁移趋势，北冰洋未来可能成为新渔场。中国在北冰洋公海渔业问题上一贯坚持科学养护、合理利用的立场，主张各国依法享有在北冰洋公海从事渔业资源研究和开发利用活动的权利，同时承担养护渔业资源和保护生态系统的义务。

As fish stocks have shown a tendency to move northwards due to climate change and other factors, the Arctic has the potential to become a new fishing ground in the future. As regards fishing in the high seas in the Arctic Ocean, China has consistently held a firm stance in favor of conservation in a scientific manner and of rational use, and maintains that, while enjoying their lawful right to conduct fisheries research and development in the high seas in the Arctic Ocean, all States should fulfill their obligations to conserve the fishery resources and the ecosystem in the region.

中国支持就北冰洋公海渔业管理制定有法律拘束力的国际协定，支持基于《联合国海洋法公约》建立北冰洋公海渔业管理组织或出台有关制度安排。中国致力于加强对北冰洋公海渔业资源的调查与研究，适时开展探捕活动，建设性地参与北冰洋公海渔业治理。中国愿加强与北冰洋沿岸国合作研究、养护和开发渔业资源。中国坚持保护北极生物多样性，倡导透明合理地勘探和使用北极遗传资源，公平公正地分享和利用遗传资源产生的惠益。

China supports efforts to formulate a legally binding international agreement on the management of fisheries in the high seas portion of the Arctic Ocean. China also supports the establishment of an Arctic fisheries management organization or making other institutional arrangements based on the UNCLOS. China will strengthen survey on and research into the fishery resources in the high seas in the Arctic, carry out appropriate exploratory fishing, and play a constructive part in the management of fisheries in the high seas in the Arctic Ocean. China hopes to strengthen cooperation with the Arctic coastal States on the research, conservation, and utilization of fishery resources. China is committed to properly protecting Arctic biodiversity and advocates transparent and reasonable exploration and utilization of Arctic genetic resources, and fair and equitable sharing and use of the benefits generated by the exploitation of such resources.

4.参与旅游资源开发

(4) Participating in developing tourism resources

北极旅游是新兴的北极活动，中国是北极游客的 Arctic tourism is an emerging industry, and China is a source of tourists to the Arctic. China supports and encourages its enterprises to cooperate with Arctic States in developing tourism in the region, and calls for continuous efforts to enhance security, insurance, and rescue systems to ensure the safety of tourists in the Arctic. China conducts training for and regulates Chinese tourism agencies and professionals involved in Arctic tourism, and endeavors to raise the environmental awareness of Chinese tourists. China advocates low-carbon tourism, ecotourism, and responsible tourism, and hopes to contribute to the sustainable development of Arctic tourism.

中国坚持在尊重北极地区居民和土著人的传统和文化，保护其独特的生活方式和价值观，以及尊重北极国家为加强北极地区居民能力建设、促进经济社会发展、提高教育和医疗水平所作努力的前提下，参与北极资源开发利用，使北极地区居民和土著人成为北极开发的真正受益者。

China takes part in the development and utilization of Arctic resources on the condition of respecting the traditions and cultures of the Arctic residents including the indigenous peoples, preserving their unique lifestyles and values, and respecting the efforts made by the Arctic States to empower the local citizens, foster their social and economic progress, and improve education and medical services, so that the Arctic residents, including the indigenous peoples, will truly benefit from the development of Arctic resources.

（四）积极参与北极治理和国际合作

4. Participating Actively in Arctic governance and international cooperation

中国主张构建和完善北极治理机制。坚持依法规范、管理和监督中国公民、法人或者其他组织的北极活动，努力确保相关活动符合国际法并尊重有关国家在环境保护、资源养护和可持续利用方面的国内法，切实加强中国北极对外政策和事务的统筹协调。在此基础上，中国积极参与北极国际治理，坚持维护以《联合国宪章》和《联合国海洋法公约》为核心的现行北极国际治理体系，努力在北极国际规则的制定、解释、适用和发展中发挥建设性作用，维护各国和国际社会的共同利益。

China is committed to improving and complementing the Arctic governance regime. China has worked to regulate and supervise the activities of Chinese citizens, legal persons or other organizations in the Arctic in accordance with the law to ensure that their activities accord with international law and respect the relevant national laws on environmental protection, resource conservation, and sustainable development. And it has endeavored to strengthen overall coordination of its Arctic policy and related affairs. Furthermore, China takes an active part in the international governance of the Arctic. China upholds the current Arctic governance system with the UN Charter and the UNCLOS as its core, plays a constructive part in the making, interpretation, application and development of international rules regarding the Arctic, and safeguards the common interests of all nations and the international community.

中国主张稳步推进北极国际合作。加强共建“一带一路”倡议框架下关于北极领域的国际合作，坚持共商、共建、共享原则，重点开展以政策沟通、设施联通、贸易畅通、资金融通、民心相通为主要内容的务实合作，包括加强与北极国家发展战略对接、积极推动共建经北冰洋连接欧洲的蓝色经济通道、积极促进北极数字互联互通和逐步构建国际性基础设施网络等。中方愿与各方以北极为纽带增进共同福祉、发展共同利益。

China stands for steadily advancing international cooperation on the Arctic. It has worked to strengthen such cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative according to the principle of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits and emphasized policy coordination, infrastructure connectivity, unimpeded trade, financial integration, and closer people-to-people ties. Concrete cooperation steps include coordinating development strategies with the Arctic States, encouraging joint efforts to build a blue economic passage linking China and Europe via the Arctic Ocean, enhancing Arctic digital connectivity, and building a global infrastructure network. China hopes to work for the common good of all parties and further common interests through the Arctic.

在全球层面，中国积极参与全球环境、气候变化、国际海事、公海渔业管理等领域的规则制定，依法全面履行相关国际义务。中国不断加强与各国和国际组织的环保合作，大力推进节能减排和绿色低碳发展，积极推动全球应对气候变化进程与合作，坚持公平、共同但有区别的责任原则和各自能力原则，推动发达国家履行在《联合国气候变化框架公约》《京都议定书》《巴黎协定》中作出的承诺，为发展中国家应对气候变化提供支持。中国建设性地参与国际海事组织事务，积极履行保障海上航行安全、防止船舶对海洋环境造成污染等国际责任。中国主张加强国际海事技术合作，在国际海事组织框架内寻求全球协调一致的海运温室气体减排解决方案。中国积极参与北冰洋公海渔业管理问题相关谈判，主张通过制定有法律拘束力的国际协定管理北冰洋公海渔业资源，允许在北冰洋公海开展渔业科学研究和探捕活动，各国依据国际法享有的公海自由不受影响。

At the global level, China actively participates in the formulation of rules concerning the global environment, climate change, international maritime issues, and high seas fisheries management, and fulfills all its international obligations in accordance with the law. China expands cooperation with various States and international organizations in environmental protection, and promotes energy conservation, emissions reduction, and low-carbon development. China also promotes global cooperation in tackling climate change, and upholds the principles of equity, common but differentiated responsibilities, and respective capabilities. It urges developed countries to fulfill their commitments under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement, and provides support to fellow developing countries in addressing climate change. China plays a constructive role in the work of the International Maritime Organization, and makes solid efforts to fulfill its international responsibilities for ensuring maritime navigational security and preventing its ships from polluting the maritime environment. China advocates stronger international cooperation in maritime technology and a globally coordinated solution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from maritime transport under the International Maritime Organization framework. China takes an active part in negotiations over high seas fisheries regulation in the Arctic, and calls for a legally binding international agreement for managing fishery resources in the high seas portion of the Arctic. The agreement should allow scientific research and exploratory fishing activities in the high seas portion of the Arctic, and protect the freedom of all States on the high seas in accordance with international law.

在区域层面，中国积极参与政府间北极区域性机制。中国是北极理事会正式观察员，高度重视北极理事会在北极事务中发挥的积极作用，认可北极理事会是关于北极环境与可持续发展等问题的主要政府间论坛。中国信守申请成为北极理事会观察员时所作各项承诺，全力支持北极理事会工作，委派专家参与北极理事会及其工作组和特别任务组的活动，尊重北极理事会通过的《北极海空搜救合作协定》《北极海洋油污预防与反应合作协定》《加强北极国际科学合作协定》。中国支持通过北极科技部长会议等平台开展国际合作。

At the regional level, China takes an active part in Arctic inter-governmental mechanisms. China, as an accredited observer to the Arctic Council, highly values the Council's positive role in Arctic affairs, and recognizes it as the main inter-governmental forum on issues regarding the environment and sustainable development of the Arctic. China stands by the commitments it made when applying to become an observer to the Council. It fully supports the work of the Council, and dispatches experts to participate in the work of the Council including its Working Groups and Task Forces. China respects the Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic, the Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response in the Arctic, and the Agreement on Enhancing International Arctic Scientific Cooperation, all adopted by the Arctic Council. China also supports international cooperation through such platforms as the Arctic Science Ministerial Meeting.

在多边和双边层面，中国积极推动在北极各领域的务实合作，特别是大力开展在气候变化、科考、环保、生态、航道和资源开发、海底光缆建设、人文交流和人才培养等领域的沟通与合作。中国主张在北极国家与域外国家之间建立合作伙伴关系，已与所有北极国家开展北极事务双边磋商。2010年，中美建立了海洋法和极地事务年度对话机制。自2013年起，中俄持续举行北极事务对话。2017年，中国与冰岛签署《中华人民共和国政府与冰岛共和国政府关于北极合作的框架协议》，这是中国与北极国家缔结的首份北极领域专门协议。中国重视发展与其他北极域外国家之间的合作，已同英国、法国开展双边海洋法和极地事务对话。2016年，中国、日本、韩国启动北极事务高级别对话，推动三国在加强北极国际合作、开展科学研究和探索商业合作等方面交流分享相关政策、实践和经验。

At the bilateral and multilateral levels, China promotes practical cooperation in all fields, especially regarding climate change, scientific expeditions, environmental protection, ecosystems, shipping routes, resource development, submarine fiber-optic cables, cultural exchanges, and capacity building. China proposes to form cooperative partnerships between Arctic and non-Arctic States, and has carried out bilateral consultations on Arctic affairs with all Arctic States. In 2010, China and the United States set up an annual dialogue mechanism for bilateral dialogues on the law of the sea and polar issues. Since 2013, China and Russia have been conducting dialogues on Arctic issues. In 2017, China and Iceland signed the Framework Agreement on Arctic Cooperation, which was the first inter-governmental agreement on Arctic issues between China and an Arctic State. China also values cooperation with other non-Arctic States. It has conducted bilateral dialogues on the law of the sea and polar issues with the United Kingdom and France. In 2016, China, Japan and the Republic of Korea launched high-level trilateral dialogues on Arctic issues to promote exchanges on policies, practices, and experience regarding Arctic international cooperation, scientific research, and commercial cooperation.

中国支持各利益攸关方共同参与北极治理和国际合作。支持“北极－对话区域”、北极圈论坛、“北极前沿”、中国－北欧北极研究中心等平台在促进各利益攸关方交流合作方面发挥作用。支持科研机构和企业发挥自身优势参与北极治理，鼓励科研机构与外国智库、学术机构开展交流和对话，支持企业依法有序参与北极商业开发和利用。

China supports the participation of all Arctic stakeholders in Arctic governance and international cooperation. China supports platforms such as "The Arctic: Territory of Dialogue", "The Arctic Circle", "Arctic Frontiers", "The China-Nordic Arctic Research Center", in promoting exchanges and cooperation among the stakeholders. China also supports the participation of research institutions and enterprises in Arctic governance with their own expertise put to good use. China encourages research institutions to communicate with foreign think tanks and academic institutions, and supports enterprises to participate in the commercial development and utilization of the Arctic in a lawful and orderly manner.

（五）促进北极和平与稳定

5. Promoting peace and stability in the Arctic

北极的和平与稳定是各国开展各类北极活动的重要保障，符合包括中国在内的世界各国的根本利益。中国主张和平利用北极，致力于维护和促进北极的和平与稳定，保护北极地区人员和财产安全，保障海上贸易、海上作业和运输安全。中国支持有关各方依据《联合国宪章》《联合国海洋法公约》等国际条约和一般国际法，通过和平方式解决涉北极领土和海洋权益争议，支持有关各方维护北极安全稳定的努力。中国致力于加强与北极国家在海空搜救、海上预警、应急反应、情报交流等方面的国际合作，妥善应对海上事故、环境污染、海上犯罪等安全挑战。

Peace and stability in the Arctic provides a significant guarantee for all activities in the region, and serves the fundamental interest of all countries including China. China calls for the peaceful utilization of the Arctic and commits itself to maintaining peace and stability, protecting lives and property, and ensuring the security of maritime trade, operations and transport in the region. China supports the peaceful settlement of disputes over territory and maritime rights and interests by all parties concerned in accordance with such treaties as the UN Charter and the UNCLOS and general international law, and supports efforts to safeguard security and stability in the region. China strives to reinforce cooperation with the Arctic States in maritime and air search and rescue, maritime early warning, emergency response, and information sharing in order to properly handle security challenges such as maritime accidents, environmental pollution, and maritime crimes.

结束语

Conclusion

北极的未来关乎北极国家的利益，关乎北极域外国家和全人类的福祉，北极治理需要各利益攸关方的参与和贡献。作为负责任的大国，中国愿本着“尊重、合作、共赢、可持续”的基本原则，与有关各方一道，抓住北极发展的历史性机遇，积极应对北极变化带来的挑战，共同认识北极、保护北极、利用北极和参与治理北极，积极推动共建“一带一路”倡议涉北极合作，积极推动构建人类命运共同体，为北极的和平稳定和可持续发展作出贡献。

The future of the Arctic concerns the interests of the Arctic States, the wellbeing of non-Arctic States and that of the humanity as a whole. The governance of the Arctic requires the participation and contribution of all stakeholders. On the basis of the principles of "respect, cooperation, win-win result and sustainability", China, as a responsible major country, is ready to cooperate with all relevant parties to seize the historic opportunity in the development of the Arctic, to address the challenges brought by the changes in the region, jointly understand, protect, develop and participate in the governance of the Arctic, and advance Arctic-related cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative, so as to build a community with a shared future for mankind and contribute to peace, stability and sustainable development in the Arctic.