Module 5 Great People and Great Inventions of Ancient China
【美文导读】
The Four Great Inventions of ancient China
China held the world's leading position in many fields in the study of nature，from the 1st century before Christ to the 15th century，with the four great inventions having the greatest global significance(重要性)．
Papermaking，printing，gunpowder and the compass—the four great inventions of ancient China－are significant contributions of the Chinese nation to world civilization.
Papermaking(造纸)
Chinese legend tells that the new invention of paper was presented to The Emperor in the year 105 AD by Cai Lun.Historical evidence，however，shows that paper was in use two hundred years before then.Either way，the Chinese were greatly ahead of the rest of the world.The craft (工艺) of papermaking relied upon an abundance(丰富) of bamboo fiber to produce a fine quality paper.In ancient China, the papermaker uses only the traditional materials and methods to produce fine art paper.
Printing(印刷)
Bi Sheng invented moveable type (活字) of printing in the year 1045 AD，three hundred years ahead of Europe，which furthered Chinese technology and its role in the advancement of human civilization.
Gunpowder(火药)
Imagine their enemy's surprise when the Chinese first demonstrated(展示) their newest invention in the eighth century AD. Chinese scientists discovered that an explosive mixture could be produced by combining sulfur(硫磺)，charcoal(木炭)，and saltpeter(硝石)．The military uses were clear.New weapons were rapidly developed，including rockets and others that were launched from a bamboo tube.Once again，the raw materials at hand，like bamboo，contributed ideas for new technologies.
Compass(指南针)
By the third century AD，Chinese scientists had studied and learned much about magnetism (磁) in nature.They learned to “make magnets” by heating pieces of ore(铁矿石) to red hot temperatures and then cooling the pieces in a North/South position.The magnet was then placed on a piece of reed(芦笛) and floated in a bowl of water marked with directional bearings(方向)．Those first navigational(航海的) compasses were widely used on Chinese ships by the eleventh century AD.
【诱思导学】
1．What do you know about Confucius，Mencius or Mozi?
2．Which of their teachings do you like best？And why?
【答案】 1～2 Students' own answers.
Period ⅠPreviewing
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
本课时主要是通过学生对学案所给出的内容的学习，了解本课文中所出现的词汇，初步了解课文以及相关的背景知识，对下一堂课对课文的全面理解起到一个铺垫作用。
●教学地位
该部分实际上是第二部分“阅读”的热身活动，介绍了与“中国古代思想家”有关的词汇。该部分包括四个活动，通过这些活动，学生可以初步熟悉生词的意思，为以后的各项学习活动做好准备。
(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
教师：以下观点是本单元我们要学习到的哲学家们提出来的，你能匹配出它们的准确释义吗？
1．Man is born good.
2．All human beings are equal.
3．The family is important.We are members of a group.
4．Treat others in the way you want to be treated.
5．People are more important than rulers.
6．We should love all human beings.
A．民贵君轻。B.家天下。C.人之初性本善。D.己所不欲，勿施于人。E.我们应爱所有的人。F.众生平等
【答案】 1.C 2.F 3.B 4.D 5.A 6.E
(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
然后核对答案导入新课。
●教学流程设计
⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒
Ⅰ.篇章结构
阅读P43的文章，完成下面表格(每空不超过3个词)
Confucius Ancient China was a place where states were often 1.
with each other.But he 2.
of kindness，duty and order in society.
Mencius His teachings 3.
those of Confucius.He was 4.
by his mother.He was given an important 5.
in the government of a state.However，when he saw the ruler was not 6.
，he 7.
.
Mozi He was very 8.
.In some ways，his beliefs were 9.
those of Confucius.He believed that all men were 10.
.
【答案】 1.at war 2.stressed the importance 3.were very similar to
4.brought up 5.position 6.following his advice 7.resigned 8.influential 9.similar to 10.equal
Ⅱ.语篇理解
阅读P43的Reading and Vocabulary部分，从每题所给的3个选项中选出最佳答案
1．
believed that people are more important than rulers.
A．Mencius B．Mozi C．Confucius
2．
became famous for his unusual clothes and behaviour.
A．Confucius
B．Mencius
C．Mozi
3．Mozi's idea of love was
the Confucian idea of kindness.
A．different from
B．the same as
C．more practical than
4．Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A．Confucius's influence has been greater than that of Mencius and Mozi.
B．Confucius lived shorter than Mozi.
C．Mencius worked for only one ruler.
5．Which of the following beliefs of Mozi is similar to those of Confucius?
A．He taught we should love all human beings.
B．He thought that whether people were good depended on the government.
C．He thought that government was most important.
【答案】 1－5 A C A C C
Ⅲ.课文缩写
用所给单词或短语的正确形式完成课文缩写
Mencius was a thinker 1.
teachings were very similar to 2.
of Confucius.Mencius was born in 372 BC. His father died when he was young，and he was 3.
by his mother.He became a student of Confucius's ideas，and was then given an important 4.
in the government of a state.However，when he saw that the ruler was not 5.
，he resigned.For many years he 6.
from state to state，teaching the 7.
of Confucius.He then became an adviser to another ruler.He spent his last years 8.
a book called The Book of Mencius.Mencius believed that the reason 9.
man is different from animals is that man is good.He believed that people were more important than rulers，and hated the state when it 10.
people badly.
【答案】 1.whose 2.those 3.brought up 4.position
5．following his advice 6.travelled 7.principles
8．preparing 9.why 10. treated
Ⅰ.词义搭配
1．equalA．kind behaviour towards someone
2．importance
B．paid employment；job
3．kindness
C．a situation in which everything is controlled，well organized，and correctly arranged
4．order
D．to emphasize a statement，fact，or idea
5．principle
E．give up (one's job，position，etc.)
6．position
F．the same in size，number，amount，value etc. as something else
7．stress
G．having a lot of influence and therefore
changing the way people think and behave
8．resign
H．the quality of being important
9．influential
I．a moral rule or belief about what is right and wrong，that influences how you behave
【答案】 1.F 2.H 3.A 4.C 5.I 6.B 7.D 8.E
9．G
Ⅱ.短语填空
1．Bill was born in Canada but was
in America.
2．During the Second World War，Germany
almost all the countries in the world.
3．His opinions
yours.
4．I tried to persuade him，but he didn't
.
5．What our teacher said
me.
【答案】 1.brought up 2.was at war with 3.are similar to 4.take my advice 5.had an influence on
Ⅲ.句型背诵
1．Treat others in the way you want to be treated.
己所不欲，勿施于人。
2．Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other.
古代中国各诸侯国之间经常发生战争。
3．But it was also a time when there were many great philosophers.
但那也是一个哲学家云集的时期。
4．Mencius was a thinker whose teachings were very similar to those of Confucius.
孟子是一位思想家，他的理论和孔子的理论很相似。
5．Mencius believed that the reason why man is different from animals is that man is good.
孟子认为人之所以不同于动物是因为人是向善的。
Period ⅡIntroduction & Reading and Vocabulary
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
(1)熟记学案中所列出的单词和短语。
(2)通过学案中所给出的重点单词和重点短语的学习，让学生能够正确理解这些单词和短语。
(3)通过对这些词汇的学习能够更深层次的理解课文，并通过课文更加熟练的运用这些词汇。
●教学地位
该部分继续引入了与课文内容有关的词汇，为学习课文做好准备。该部分介绍了中国古代三位思想家及其学说。围绕着课文，编者设计了四个与课文内容和词汇有关的练习。通过这些练习，学生可以熟悉课文内容和学会使用与课文内容有关的词汇。
(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
Teacher：1) What do you know about Confucius，Mencius or Mozi? 2) Which of their teachings do you like best？And why？然后导入新课。
●教学流程设计
⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒
1．equal adj.相等的，相当的；胜任的v.等于；比得上n.和自己相当的人或物
All human beings are equal.(教材P41)人人平等。
Men and women have equal rights in China.在中国，男女平等。
①equal sb./sth. in... 在……方面比得上……；在……方面与……相匹敌
be equal to 与……平等/相等
be equal to (doing)sth.胜任做某事
without equal 无敌；无与伦比
equally adv.同样地；相等地
I'm not equal to the task. 我不能胜任这项任务。
No one equals him in strength.
论力气，无人能和他相比。
Two plus two is equal to four.2 加2等于4。
【对接高考】
(2017·福建高考)Anyone，whether he is an official or
a bus driver，should be
respected.
A．especiallyB．equally
C．naturally
D．normally
【解析】 考查副词辨析。句意：任何人，无论他是官员还是公交司机，都应得到平等的尊重。equally“平等地，同样地”，符合句意。
【答案】 B
完成句子
①1磅约等于500克。
A pound is roughly
500 grams.
②在英语方面没有人能同他相比。
Nobody
him
English.
③你感觉到的幸福与你付出的爱相等。
The happiness you feel
the love you give.
【答案】 ①equal to ②equals；in ③is equal to
2．Treat others in the way you want to be treated.(教材P41)己所不欲，勿施于人。
本句way意为“方式；方法”，在句中作先行词；如果先行词在定语从句中作状语，那么可以用that或in which来引导，that或in which也可以省略。
Would you like to perform once again the way( in which/that )you climbed up the high tree?
你愿意再给我演示一遍你是怎样爬上那棵高树的吗？
【提示】 如果way(方式) 后面的定语从句的引导词在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，则引导词用that/which。
I finished the joy in the way (that/which) he told me.
我用他告诉我的方法完成了这项工作。
翻译句子
①我不喜欢你跟你母亲说话的方式。
【答案】 I don't like the way (that/in which) you speak to your mother.
单项填空
②What surprised me was not what he said but
he said it.
A．the way
B．in the way that
C．in the way
D．the way which
【解析】 the way在题干中作表语，he said it为定语从句，引导词that/in which已省去，that/in which在从句中作状语。
【答案】 A
3．be at war在交战时
Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other.(教材P43)
古代中国各诸侯国之间经常发生战争。
How long have they been at war with each other?
他们相互交战多长时间了？
at＋名词表示“正在进行”或“从事”或“处于某种状态”，常见类似的短语：
at dinner/table 在吃饭；at ease安心；at school在上学；at lunch在吃午饭；at work在工作；at rest 在休息；at sea 出海，茫然，不知所措；at/in peace处于和平状态
Don't make any noise while others are at work.
当别人在工作时，不要吵闹。
Germany has been at peace with France for fifty years.
德国和法国已经和平相处了50年。
完成句子
①孩子们在做游戏，而他们的父母在吃午饭。
The children were at play while their parents were
.
②那时我国正与日本交战。
At that time our country was
Japan.
③我们希望世界上所有的国家永远处于和平之中。
We hope all the countries in the world are
forever.
【答案】 ①at lunch ②at war with ③at peace
4．But it was also a time when there were many great philosophers.(教材P43)但那也是一个哲学家云集的时期。
本句中的a time表示“一段时期”，后面接定语从句时，常用when或介词＋which引导定语从句，译为“一个……的时期”。
We all remember the time when we lived in the countryside.我们都记得我们生活在农村的那段时光。
①There is /was a time when...有一段……的时期。
②It(That/This) is/was the first(second，third...)time that...这是第一次(第二次，第三次……)……。that引导定语从句，并且that 可以省略。当主句用一般现在时，从句用现在完成时；当主句用一般过去时，从句用过去完成时。
③It is (high) time (for sb.) to do sth.到了(某人)做某事的时间了。
It is time that sb.did/should do sth.到了……的时间了。
It is the first time that I have seen such a big watermelon.这是我第一次见这么大的西瓜。
It was the second time that I had been to Europe.
那是我第二次去欧洲。
It's time we went/for us to go. 我们该走了。
【提示】 当时间名词为先行词时，如果从句的引导词在从句中作状语，则引导词用when(介词＋which)，如果从句的引导词在从句中作宾语、表语等，则引导词用which或that。
【对接高考】
(2017·浙江高考)We live in an age
more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
A．why
B．when
C．to whom
D．on which
【解析】 句意：在我们生活的这个时代，有更多的信息可以比以往任何时候都更加容易获得。该句为主从复合句，an age为先行词，空格处引导定语从句并在从句中作时间状语，故用when。
【答案】 B
翻译句子
①曾经有一段时间我讨厌上学。
② 这是我第一次出国。
【答案】 ①There was a time that I hated to go to school. ②This is the first time that I have been abroad.
5．He stressed the importance of kindness，duty and order in society.(教材P43)他强调了仁爱、责任和社会秩序的重要性。
(1)stress vt.强调；施压于；使紧张n.强调；压力
He stressed the importance of cooperation.
他强调合作的重要性。
under the stress of
在……压力下
lay/place/put stress on sth.强调……
stress the importance of...强调……的重要性
The English teacher stressed the importance of reading aloud.英语老师强调了朗读的重要性。
He is under great stress because of his new job.
新工作使他感到压力很大。
The teacher placed great stress on details.
老师特别强调细节。
完成句子
①老师反复强调考试的重要性。
The teacher
the importance of exam again and again.
②有些年轻人在现代生活的压力下过着艰难的生活。
Some young people live a hard life
the modern life.
③有些学校极注重语言学习。
Some schools
language study.
【答案】 ①stressed stress on ②under the stress of ③put/lay/place great stress on
(2)order
n．秩序，次序；命令；定购；订单v.命令，指令；定购
The boss received a large order for coal.
这位老板接到了一份买煤的大订单。
① in order井然有序；适宜的
out of order紊乱的；出故障的
place an order for sth. with (sb.)和(某人)订购某物
②order sb.to do sth.命令某人做某事
order that...(should)＋动词原形 命令……
order sb. sth.＝order sth. for sb.为某人订购……
You should put the book on the desk in order.
你应该整理一下桌上的书。
Do you wish to place an order for some books with me now？你现在想跟我订购些书吗？
The doctor ordered that she (should) take a good rest.＝The doctor ordered her to take a good rest.
医生吩咐她好好休息。
【提示】 order作动词用时，后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，从句的谓语要用(should)＋do。作名词用，表示“命令”时，相关的从句也要用虚拟语气。
His order is that we (should) not leave until he returns.他的命令是他回来我们才能走。
【对接高考】
(2011·全国卷Ⅱ)If you don't like the drink you
，just leave it and try a different one.
A．ordered
B．are ordering
C．will order
D．had ordered
【解析】 考查时态。句意：如果你不喜欢你点的饮料就别喝，可以试试别的。根据句意，“点饮料”的动作应发生在过去，因此使用一般过去时。
【答案】 A
完成句子
④机器坏了。
The machine is
.
⑤她把房间收拾得井井有条。
She put the room
.
⑥老师命令他尽早开始。
The teacher
as soon as possible.
⑦他命令大家都参加这个工作。
He ordered that all
the work.
【答案】 ④out of order ⑤in order ⑥ordered him to start ⑦(should) take part in
6．bring up 教育，抚养(孩子)；提出(议题等)；呕吐
His father died when he was young，and he was brought up by his mother.(教材P43)父亲去世的时候他还很小，他是由他母亲抚养成人的。
Why don't you bring this up at the meeting?
你何不在会上提出这个问题？
bring about 引起，导致
bring back 带回
bring in 吸引；引进；赚得
bring down 降低；减少
Computers have brought about many changes in the workplace.电脑给工作场所带来了很多变化。
They brought in new technology from abroad.
他们引进了国外的新技术。
【对接高考】
(2011·福建高考)Born into a family with three brothers，David was
to value the sense of sharing.
A．brought up
B．turned down
C．looked after
D．held back
【解析】 考查动词短语。David出生在有三个兄弟的家庭，受到要重视分享的教育。bring up“养育，教养”；turn down“关小，拒绝”；look after“照料”；hold back“阻碍”。
【答案】 A
用适当的介词或副词完成下列句子
①His new suggestion was brought
at the meeting.
②What brought
the change in his attitude?
③The photographs brought
many pleasant memories.
④I tried to get them to bring
the price of the TV set.
【答案】 ①up ②about ③back ④down
7．position n．职位，位置；立场；地位
He became a student of Confucius's ideas，and was then given an important position in the government of a state. (教材P43)他成了孔子思想的一位门生，后来在政府中担任了一个重要的职位。
He has a high position in society.他的社会地位很高。
Can you show me the position of the school on this map？你能在这张地图上给我指出学校的位置吗？
in position 在适当的位置
out of position
在不恰当的位置
hold a position 担任一个职务
Mary，put your books in position.
玛丽，把你的书放在适当位置。
From their
on the top of the TV Tower，visitors can have a better view of the city.
A．stage
B．position
C．condition
D．situation
【解析】 从电视塔顶他们所处的位置，游客能更清楚地看到这个城市。
【答案】 B
8．Mencius believed that the reason why man is different from animals is that man is good.(教材P43)孟子认为人之所以不同于动物是因为人是向善的。
句中the reason why...is that...是一个固定句式，意为“……的原因是……”，其中why引导的定语从句，that引导的是表语从句，不能换成because。
The reason why I didn't attend the party was that I was too busy.我没有参加宴会，因为我太忙了。
【提示】 reason作先行词被定语从句修饰时，从句中缺原因状语，使用why/for which；从句中缺主语、宾语，定语从句应使用that或which，作宾语时也可以省略。
This/That is because...这/那是因为……(表示原因)
This/That is why... 这/那是……的原因(表示结果)
He was late，and that's because the car was held up in the traffic rush.
他迟到了，那是因为他的车被困在交通高峰中了。
The car was held up in the traffic rush，and that is why he was late.
他的车被困在交通高峰中了，这就是他迟到的原因。
完成句子
①我并不接受他对于迟到所做的解释。
I won't accept the reason
his being late.
②他没来的原因是他母亲不允许他来。
his mother doesn't allow him to.
③这就是我早来的原因。
That is
.
【答案】 ①(that/which) he explained for ②The reason why he won't come is that ③why I came early
Period ⅢIntegrating Skills & Grammar
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
(1)熟记学案中所列出的单词和短语。
(2)通过学案中所给出的重点单词和重点短语的学习，让学生能够正确理解这些单词和短语。
(3)听懂课文中所给出的听力材料。
(4)通过对语法的教学让学生能够理解并正确运用when，where，who，which，whose引导的定语从句和“介词＋
which/whom”引导的定语从句。
●教学地位
GRAMMAR1介绍了由关系词where，when，whose，who，which引导的定语从句。前两个活动帮助学生认识定语从句，理清概念；第三、四个活动提供学生练习的机会，帮助学生在运用中把有关知识转化为语言能力。
GRAMMAR 2该部分语法处理“介词＋ which/whom”引导的定语从句。该部分附有四个活动，前两个活动帮助学生认识这种语法现象；后两个活动为巩固性活动。FUNCTION介绍了交际功能“陈述理由”(giving reasons)的语句。要求学生学习两种相关句型：1) I like reading about ancient China because the philosophy is very interesting.2) The reason why I like reading about ancient China is that the philosophy is very interesting. VOCABULARY AND SPEAKING部分通过介绍一组有关社会道德方面的词汇，让学生进行说的练习。LISTENING AND VOCABULARY部分用听力活动的形式引入了本模块的主要内容之一“中国古代发明”，同时也引入了相关词汇。
(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
通过对学生作业的检查导入本堂新课。
●教学流程设计
⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒
1．contribution(教材P46) n．贡献；捐款；投稿
They didn't mention her contribution in the book.
他们在书中没有提及她的贡献。
All contributions for the May issue must be received by Friday.所有要在五月这一期发表的稿件必须在周五以前寄到。
①make a contribution to (doing) sth. 对……做出贡献
contribute v．贡献；捐赠；有助于
contribute...to... 向……捐赠；向……投稿
contribute to sth./doing sth.促成某事；有益于……
He made a great contribution to the development of his village. 他对自己村子的发展做出了重大贡献。
He contributed a lot of money to the hospital.
他向医院捐了一笔钱。
Cigarette smoking is a major factor contributing to cancer.吸烟是致癌的主要因素。
完成句子
①他对天空发展计划有很大的贡献。
He has
space development.
②他捐出一些钱给受水灾的难民。
He
some money
the flood victims.
③适度的运动有益健康。
A proper amount of exercise
good health.
【答案】 ①made great contributions to ②contributed；to ③contributes to
2．However，we do know that in 1092 AD he invented the first real clock.(教材P46)然而，我们的确知道在公元1092年他发明了第一块时钟。
本句 “do/does/did＋动词原形” 构成强调句型，该句型用来强调谓语动词，其中的do/does/did在句中要重读。
She does come from a European country.
她的确来自一个欧洲国家。
She did tell me about her address，but I forgot all about it.她确实告诉过我她的地址，但我全忘了。
【提示】
(1) 本句型只有一般式和过去式，只对肯定的谓语动词进行强调，没有否定或疑问形式。
(2) 在祈使句中使用“do＋动词原形”，往往不表示命令，而是表示强烈的请求。
(3) 若对句子其他部分进行强调，要使用强调句型：It is/was ＋被强调部分＋that...。
Do come on time next time.下次请务必按时来。
It was yesterday that I met him in the shop.
我是昨天在商店遇见他的。
【对接高考】
(2010·四川高考)If you have a job，
yourself to it and finally you'll succeed.
A．do devoteB．don't devote
C．devoting
D．not devoting
【解析】 考查谓语动词的强调及“祈使句＋and＋将来时句子”的固定搭配。句意：如果你有了一份工作，付出努力去做它，最后你定能成功。此处应是祈使句，又有谓语动词的强调要借助助动词do，故选A。
【答案】 A
完成句子
①他的确写信向你道歉了。
He
to say sorry to you.
②请快进来坐下。
and sit down.
【答案】 ①did write ②Do come in
3．be proud of 为……自豪
He is a man who(m) China can be proud of.(教材P47)他是一个中国可以引以为豪的人。
She was very proud of the result she achieved.
她对自己所取得的成果感到非常自豪。
①be proud to do
为(能)做……自豪
be proud that... 为……自豪
②take pride in 为……自豪
She takes pride in her work.＝ She is proud of her work.她为自己的工作感到自豪。
She is proud to be a film star.
她因为是一名影星而骄傲。
完成句子
①他为自己的孩子的成功感到无比骄傲。
He
his children's success.
【答案】 ①takes pride in/is proud of
单项填空
②In the 30th Olympic Games appeared a lot of brilliant Chinese athletes who won gold medals and
we were proud.
A．of whom
B．in whom
C．of which
D．for whom
【解析】 句意：第30届奥运会上涌现出了许多杰出的中国运动健儿，他们赢得了金牌，我们为他们自豪。of whom在此引导定语从句，of可以通过proud来确定，be proud of “为……自豪”。
【答案】 A
4．argument n．争论；辩论
This paragraph gives the arguments against cars.(教材P47)这一段列举了反对使用汽车的理由。
We agreed without much further argument.
我们没怎么进一步争论就达成了一致意见。
①have an argument with sb.about/over sth.就某事与某人争论
argue v．争论，辩论；说服；认为
argue with sb.about/over sth. 就某事与……争论
The students had an argument with their teachers about their uniforms.
学生们就校服问题与老师们进行了一场辩论。
Do you ever argue with your family about which TV program to watch?
你曾经为看哪个电视节目与家人争论过吗？
完成句子
①今晚我不想与你争论。
I'm not going to
this evening.
②他们在为孩子的事争吵。
They were
the children.
【答案】 ①argue with you ②having an argument about/arguing about
5．Cars were first used at the end of the nineteenth century，and were no faster than a horse.(教材P48)人们最早使用汽车是在19世纪末，而且当时的汽车跑得并不比马快。
本句为and连接的并列句，其中no faster than“和……一样不快”，相当于as slowly as。“no＋比较级＋than”这一结构，否定两者，含义是“前者跟后者一样不……”。
She has no more books than him.她的书和他的一样少。
I'm no richer than a beggar.我穷得像个乞丐。
not＋比较级＋than
表示“前者不比后者更……”
no more than(＝only) 仅仅，只有
not more than(＝at most) 至多；不超过
The question is not more difficult than that one.
这个问题不如那个难。
I have no more than five yuan.我只有五元钱。
I have not more than five yuan.我有不到五元钱。
翻译句子
①他们和我都不聪明。
②他和他的哥哥都不细心。
③他没有他姐姐学习用功。
【答案】 ①They are no cleverer than I． ②He is no more careful than his brother. ③He is not more hardworking than his sister.
6．in conclusion 总之；最后
In conclusion，I think that cars are very useful because travel is so easy with a car.(教材P48)
总之，我认为汽车是很有用的，因为驾车旅行很方便。
In conclusion，I'd like to say how much I enjoyed staying here.最后，我想说我在这里过得有多么愉快。
①arrive at/reach/come to/ draw a conclusion 得出结论
make a conclusion 下结论
bring...to a conclusion 使……结束
conclude v 结束；下结论；推断
We came to the conclusion that the room must have been empty.我们得出的结论是：那个房间当时一定是空的。
Now we can make a conclusion that is impossible.
现在我们可以下结论：那是不可能的。
完成句子
①他们在会上得出的结论是令人满意的。
The conclusion
at the meeting is satisfactory.
②总之，好公民应该遵守交通规则。
， a good citizen should obey traffic rules.
③我将很快结束我的故事。
I will
my story quickly
.
【答案】 ①they reached/arrived at/came to ②In conclusion ③bring；to a conclusion
观察下列从Reading and Vocabulary中选取的句子，体会限制性定语从句的用法。
①Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other.
②But it was also a time when there were many great philosophers.
③Confucius (551 BC—479 BC) is the philosopher whose influence has been the greatest.
④Mencius was a thinker whose teachings were very similar to those of Confucius.
⑤Mencius believed that the reason why man is different from animals is that man is good.
⑥Mozi was another teacher who was very influential.
⑦Born in 476 BC，he came from a family which was very poor.
⑧As a result，he spent many years trying to find a state where people would follow his teachings.
⑨Mozi taught that we should love all human beings and look after those who are weaker than ourselves.
[自我总结]
定语从句在句中作定语，修饰一个
或
，有时也可以修饰整个句子。被修饰的名词(词组)或代词即
，定语从句通常出现在先行词
，有
或关系副词引出。定语从句又可分为限制性定语从句和
，限制性定语从句对所修饰的先行词起
作用，在意义上与先行词密不可分。
【答案】 名词；代词；先行词；之后；关系代词；非限制性定语从句；限制
限制性定语从句
作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句通常置于它所修饰的名词(或代词)之后，这种名词(或代词)被称为先行词。引导定语从句的关联词被称为关系代词或关系副词。
一、关系代词的用法
关系代词及其在从句中所作的成分
关系
代词
指代
人 物 句子
在定语从句中充当的成分
主语
宾语
表语
定语
who √
√
√
√
whom √
√
that √ √
√
√
√
which
√ √
√
√
√
whose √ √
√
as √ √
√
√ √
√
This is the doctor who/that saved the boy's life.
这就是救了孩子生命的医生。
She is the new student who/whom/that I want to introduce to you.她就是我要介绍给你的新学生。
Can you show me the photo which/that was taken in the West Lake？你能让我看看在西湖拍的照片吗？
I'll never forget the day (which/that) we spent together.我永远不会忘记我们在一起度过的日子。
二、关系副词的用法
关系副词 指代
先行词
在定语从句中充当的成分
when 时间 时间名词
时间状语
where 地点 地点名词
地点状语
why 原因
reason
原因状语
He came at a time when we needed him most.
他在我们最需要的时候来了。
What is the name of the village where we stayed yesterday.我们昨天待过的那个村子叫什么名字？
The reason why he didn't come was unknown.
他没来的原因还不清楚。
三、关系代词用that不用which的情况
1.当先行词是不定代词时，如all，everything，anything，nothing，much，few，little，none等。 All that he has done is of little help. 他所做的没有多大帮助。
2.当先行词(指物)前面有the only，the last，the next，few，no，all，the very等修饰词时 That's the only thing that we can do now. 目前我们只能这样了。
3.当先行词为序数词/形容词最高级或被序数词/形容词最高级修饰时 The first thing that should be done is to get some food. 该做的第一件事就是弄点吃的。
4.当先行词既有人又有物时 We were deeply moved by the man and his story that she told us.她告诉我们的那个人和他的故事深深地打动了我们。
5.当主句是以who，which或what开头的特殊疑问句时 Who is the man that is waiting at the school gate？在学校门口等的那个人是谁？
四、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
关系代词which, whom作介词的宾语时，为了使关系代词与先行词的关系更加紧凑，可以将从句中的介词提到关系代词之前，形成“介词＋which/whom”结构。
事项 用法 例句
介词的确定 “介词＋which/ whom”中的介词可以依据与从句谓语的搭配、与先行词的搭配或句子意义来确定。 ①The reason for which I came here is that I want to get your help.我来这儿的原因是我想得到你的帮助。
②The person to whom I spoke just now is my English teacher.我刚才与之讲话的那个人是我的英语老师。
③This is the pilot for whom I bought a camera.这个就是我给他买照相机的飞行员。
与关系副词的互换 表示时间、地点、原因的“介词＋which/whom”结构可与when，where，why互换。 This is the reason for which(＝why) we refused your invitation.这就是我们拒绝你的邀请的原因。
“名词/代词等＋介词＋关系代词”结构 有时“介词＋关系代词”前会出现不定代词(all，none，neither，many，few，the rest等)、数词(分数、百分数等)及“the＋ 比较级/最高级”等，用来表示部分、数目等意义。 ①There are sixty students in our class，twenty of whom are girls.我们班有六十名学生，其中三十名是女生。
②The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% of which are sold abroad.这家工厂每年生产50万双鞋子，其中的80%销往国外。
③There are two rooms，the smaller of which is my study.有两个房间，较小的那个是我的书房。
Ⅰ.单项填空
1．(2017·北京高考)Many countries are now setting up national parks
animals and plants can be protected.
A．whenB．which
C．whose
D．where
【解析】 句意：眼下，许多国家正在建立一些国家公园，动物和植物在那儿可以得到保护。分析结构可知，此处是考查定语从句的引导词，先行词为national parks，定语从句中缺少地点状语，要用where来引导，相当于in which。关系副词when在定语从句中作时间状语；which在定语从句中作主语、宾语；whose只作定语，三者均不符合语境，故正确答案为D项。解答这类题目首先要找准先行词，然后根据定语从句所缺的成分来确定选项。
【答案】 D
2．(2017·福建高考)The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those
lives were affected.
A．whose
B．that
C．who
D．which
【解析】 句意：这本书通过那些生活受到影响的人的视角讲述了地震的故事。根据题干可判断所选连词引导的是定语从句。定语从句中关系词的选择是由关系词在定语从句中所作的成分来决定的。题干中先行词是代词those，表示“那些人”，而在定语从句中缺乏的成分意思应是“那些人的”，所以只有关系代词whose符合题意，whose在定语从句中作定语。关系代词that，who和which在定语从句中只能作主语或宾语。解答这类题目的关键在于分析定语从句中所缺的成分，也就是关系词在定语从句中所作的成分。
【答案】 A
3．(2017·湖南高考)Happiness and success often come to those
are good at recognizing their own strengths.
A．whom
B．who
C．what
D．which
【解析】 句意：快乐和成功经常会眷顾那些善于欣赏自己优点的人。分析句子成分可知，“
are good at recognizing their own strengths”是定语从句，修饰先行词those，从句中缺少主语，故用who引导，所以答案为B。
【答案】 B
4．(2017·江苏高考)The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China，
he remembers starting as early as his childhood.
A．where
B．which
C．what
D．when
【解析】 句意：世界银行行长说，他热爱中国，这种热爱他记得早在童年时就开始了。通过分析句子结构可知，The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China为主句，通过还原法可知定语从句是he remembers his passion for China starting as early as his childhood，从句中his passion starting为动名词复合结构。his passion用which替代。when和where虽然可以引导定语从句，但是它们在定语从句中是分别用来作时间状语和地点状语的，不能指代passion；what不能用来引导定语从句，故排除。
【答案】 B
5．(2017·江西高考)He wrote a letter
he explained what had happened in the accident.
A．what
B．which
C．where
D．how
【解析】 句意：他写了一封信，在信中，他解释了这起事故中发生的事情。定语从句中有主语和宾语，先行词在从句中作地点状语，where相当于in which。
【答案】 C
6．(2017·山东高考)Finally he reached a lonely island
was completely cut off from the outside world.
A．when
B．where
C．which
D．whom
【解析】 句意：最后他到达了一个完全与外部世界隔绝的孤岛上。句中的先行词a lonely island在后面的定语从句中作主语，故用which引导。因先行词是地点名词短语a lonely island，学生很容易误选where来引导定语从句而不去分析先行词在句中所作的成分。
【答案】 C
7．Is this the girl
whom I can turn for help？Is she good at this subject?
A．to
B．with
C．in
D．at
【解析】 定语从句中turn to sb. for help为固定搭配，所以用介词to＋whom引导定语从句修饰先行词the girl。
【答案】 A
8．(2017·烟台高一调研)The old temple
roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair.
A．where
B．which
C．its
D．whose
【解析】 句意：暴风雨中房顶被破坏的那座庙宇正在整修中。所填词引导定语从句，先行词是the old temple，关系词在从句中作roof的定语，且表示“谁的”，故用whose。
【答案】 D
9．Mozart's birthplace and the house
he composed The Magic Flute are both museums now.
A．where
B．when
C．there
D．which
【解析】 句意：莫扎特的出生地和他创作歌剧《魔笛》的房子现在都是博物馆了。表示地点的名词house后的句子作定语，定语从句中缺少状语，故用where引导。when表示时间；there不引导定语从句；which引导定语从句不作状语。
【答案】 A
10．Do you know the reason
she got so angry yesterday?
A．for why
B．for that
C．which
D．why
【解析】 句意：你知道她昨天为什么那么生气吗？先行词是reason，定语从句的引导词是why或for which。
【答案】 D
Ⅱ.用合适的关系词填空
1．This is the professor
taught me chemistry in 1980.
2．The hospital
was built five years ago has been modernized.
3．This is the boy
father died three years ago.
4．Those
want to go to the computer room write your names here.
5．Who is the person
is standing at the gate?
6．Mary has two brothers，both of
are doctors.
7．China is a beautiful country，of
we are greatly proud.
8．We'll never forget the day
the People's Republic of China was founded.
9．Last year my parents went to the farm
they worked 30 years ago.
10．Is this the reason
he refused our offer?
【答案】 1.who/that 2.which/that 3.whose 4.who
5．that 6.whom 7.which 8.when/on which
9．where 10.why
Period ⅣCultural Corner & Writing
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
(1)掌握本学案中所给出的词汇，能够理解并能熟练运用。
(2)理解课文。
(3)能够根据课文中所提出的问题，了解欧洲的工业革命。
(4)写一篇介绍中国古代名人的文章，介绍其生平事迹及思想。
●教学地位
本节课写作练习帮助学生练习写作“论文”，阐述自己对人或事物的看法及观点。cultural corner部分介绍了欧洲的工业革命，帮助学生扩大知识面。
(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
教师问：1) What do you know about the Industrial Revolution? 2) Where did it start first？请两三位学生回答之后，“Let's read the following passage to learn more about the Industrial Revolution.”导入新课。
●教学流程设计
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Ⅰ.判断正误
阅读P49课文，判断正误
1．The “Industrial Revolution” may have happened in 1775.()
2．Before the Industrial Revolution，factory owners were more powerful than land owners.()
3．Many factories built in towns made the population of towns and cities greatly increase.()
【答案】 1－3 F F T
Ⅱ. 语篇理解
阅读P49课文，选取最佳答案
1．What's the result of the “Industrial Revolution”？
A．Farming began to develop.
B．People began to move from the city to the country.
C．People began to work in factories.
2．What's the main reason for the changes in the second half of the eighteen century?
A．The increase of population.
B．A lot of people came to towns.
C．The inventions such as the steam engine were made.
3．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Factory workers lived in very poor and crowded conditions at that time.
B．Thousands of farmers left the countryside and were out of work.
C．Before the Industrial Revolution，factory owners were more powerful than land owners.
4．The steam engine was first used in
.
A．factoriesB．farmersC．mines
5．
made the population of towns and cities greatly increased.
A．The invention of the steam engine
B．That many factories were built in towns
C．The Industrial Revolution spreading to other countries
【答案】 1－5 C C A C B
1．for the first time 第一次
With the Industrial Revolution，factories appeared and mass production became possible for the first time.(教材P49)随着工业革命的发展，工厂出现了，产品的批量生产第一次成为可能。
This summer I'll go to Beijing for the first time.
今年暑假，我将第一次去北京。
for the first time/the first time
for the first time 表示“第一次”，在句子一般单独作状语。
the first time 名词词组，用作连词，常引导一个时间状语从句。
Where was the Cup held for the first time?
第一次世界杯是在哪里举行的？
The first time I went to Beijing，I visited the Summer Palace.我第一次去北京时，参观了颐和园。
选词填空(for the first time/the first time)
①We fell in love
we met each other.
②I met him
at the cinema.
③I knew we would be good friends
I met her.
【答案】 ①the first time ②for the first time ③the first time
2．condition n．状况；条件；环境
Often，factory workers lived in poor and crowded conditions. (教材P49)
通常，工厂工人们生活在恶劣而又拥挤的环境里。
Health is one of the conditions of success.
健康是成功的条件之一。
①be in (a)．..condition在……状况下
out of condition状况很糟
on...condition 在……条件下
on condition (that)条件是……
on no condition决不；绝不
conditions n．(生活或工作的)条件；环境
The car is in very good condition. 这辆车的状况不错。
You should on no condition go to work there.
你绝不要去那儿工作。
You can go swimming on condition that you don't go too far from the river bank.
你只要不远离河岸就可以去游泳。
【提示】 condition 意为“状况，状态”时，常作不可数名词；意为“形势，环境”时，常作可数名词，并常以复数形式出现。
【对接高考】
(2010·辽宁高考)I agree to his suggestion
the condition that he drops all charges.
A．by B．in C．on D．to
【解析】 考查介词用法。句意：我同意他的建议，条件是他放弃所有指控。 介词on 和the condition that一起相当于一个连词，引导条件状语从句，意思是“条件是，以……为条件”。
【答案】 C
完成句子
因为他身体不好，他无法出去郊游。
He couldn't go out for an outing，for he was
.
你决不能把发生的事情告诉他。
You must
tell him what happened.
只要这个星期天还给我，我就把这本书借给你。
I will lend you the book
you return it to me this Sunday.
【答案】 in poor condition on no condition on condition that
如何写正反对比类议论文
正反对比类议论文是从正反两方面辩证地说明某个观点。正反对比类议论文在高考中占很大比例，是中学英语写作的重点体裁之一。
正反对比类议论文模板
导入：第1段
Recently we've had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题)
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧)
正文：
第2段：Most of the students are in favor of it.(正方观点)
Here are the reasons.First...Second...Finally...(列出2～3个赞成的理由)
第3段：However，the others are strongly against it.(反方观点)
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place...What's more...In addition... (列出2～3个反对的理由)
结论：第4段
Personally speaking，the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more than good，so I support it.(个人观点)
【常用句型】
(1)Last week，we had a discussion about whether...
(2)There are two different opinions about...
(3)Some think that...，but others say/consider that...
(4)Some students are for/agree to it，while/but others are against/disagree to it.
(5)On one hand, ... on the other hand...
(6)Generally (speaking), more students think we should...
(7)First，... Second，... Finally，...
(8)Besides/In addition/Also/Apart from it...
(9)As a result，...Therefore，...
(10)I have my own view about...
[题目要求]
请根据下列表格中的提示，就“中学生看电视的利弊”用英语写一篇短文，并谈谈你的看法。
Advantages Disadvantages Your opinion
1.帮助了解国内外大事
2．拓宽视野，增长知识
3．丰富生活，放松身心 1.浪费时间，影响学习
2．减少锻炼，影响健康
?
注意：1.词数：120左右；
2．可适当增加细节 ，以使行文连贯。
[思路点拨]
1．文章可分为三部分：
第一部分：阐述中学生看电视的益处；
第二部分：介绍中学生看电视的弊端；
第三部分：简单谈谈自己的观点。
2．本文属于议论文，时态以一般现在时为主，人称以第一人称为主。
[词汇热身]
1．对……有好处
2．让某人了解/知道……
3．国内外
4．另外；而且
5．另一方面
6．影响
【答案】 1.be good for 2.inform sb.of... 3.at home and abroad 4.what's more/besides 5.on the other hand 6.affect/have an effect on
[句式温习]
1．电视可以让我们了解国内外正在发生的大事。
It can
at home and abroad.
2．另一方面，看电视也对我们有一些弊端。
On the other hand，
also has some disadvantages to us.
3．如果我们每天长时间地坐在电视机前，我们很容易发胖并且还会近视。
，we can easily put on weight and become shortsighted.
【答案】 1.keep us well informed of what's happening 2.watching TV 3.If we sit in front of a TV set for a long time every day
[连句成篇]
【参考范文】
Many of us middle school students enjoy watching TV.It is widely believed that watching TV is good for us.Firstly，it can keep
us well informed of what's happening at home and abroad.Secondly，it can increase our knowledge.What's more，it makes our life colorful and is a good way to relax.
On the other hand，watching TV also has some disadvantages to
us.First of all，it sometimes wastes lots of time and even affects our
studies.Besides，if we sit in front of a TV set for a long time every day，we can easily put on weight and become shortsighted.
From my point of view，we should choose some programs to watch and spend a reasonable amount of time watching TV.
Ⅰ.立体式复习单词
A．基础单词
1．
n．善良
2．
n．秩序
3．
n．原则；准则
4．
n．职位
5．
vt.强调
6．
vi.辞职
7．
n．公正
8．
adj.柔软的
9．
n．范畴；种类
10．
n．自由
11．
n．状况；条件；环境
【答案】 1.kindness 2.order 3.principle 4.position
5．stress 6.resign 7.justice 8.soft 9.category
10．freedom 11.condition
B．词汇拓展
12．
adj.平等的→
n．平等
13．
n．重要；重要性→
adj.重要的
14．
n．贡献→
v．贡献；捐献
15．
vt.发明→
n．发明家
16．
n．争论；辩论；议论→
v．争论，议论
【答案】 12.equal；equality 13.importance；important 14.contribution；contribute 15.invent；inventor 16.argument；argue
.递进式回顾短语
A．短语互译
1．
与……交战
2．
养育；抚养
3．
对……感兴趣
4．be proud of
5．in conclusion
6．for the first time
【答案】 1.be at war with 2.bring up 3.become/be interested in 4.为……自豪 5.总之 6.第一次
B．用上面词组的适当形式填空
7．Germany has been
France for many years.
8．Though born and
in America，he loves his motherland－China very much.
9．
，the society has been developing very fast since the opening policy.
10．All our classmates gathered
after our graduation ten years ago.
11．She
playing the leading part in this TV series.
【答案】 7.at war with 8.brought up 9.In conclusion
10．for the first time 11.was proud of
.仿写式活用句型
1．Treat others in the way you want to be treated.
【句式仿写】 我不喜欢你跟老师说话的方式。
2．But it was also a time when there were many great philosophers.
【句式仿写】 曾经一度他很失望，想离开这里。
3．Mencius believed that the reason why man is different from animals is that man is good.
【句式仿写】 没有人相信汤姆哭的原因是他妈妈拿走了他的玩具。
4．Cars were first used at the end of the nineteenth century，and were no faster than a horse.
【句式仿写】 约翰和汤姆都不高。
【答案】 1.I don't like the way (in which/that) you speak to your teacher. 2.There was a time when he was disappointed and wanted to leave here. 3.No one believed the reason why Tom cried was that his mum took away his toy. 4.John is no taller than Tom.
完形填空解题技法(十一)
综合分析判断法
每篇完形填空中都有几道题的难度较大，考生可能在短时间内很难确定答案。此时，考生应该在完成全文后，集中精力，对其进行分析、综合，作出决定。必要时，大胆相信第一感觉。
【实例透析】
(2017·广东高考)．..Rules help us live together in harmony，because they show us the right way to
13
others.However，some people argue that rules may be
14
，having observed that rules change all the time，and that some schools have some regulations and others have different ones－so who is to
15
what is right?
13．A.follow B．instruct
C．treat
D．protect
14．A.disgusting
B．confusing
C．unsafe
D．unimportant
15．A.predict
B．explain
C．decide
D．consider
【解析】 13.C。考查动词，根据此句的意思“规章制度有助于我们和睦相处，因为规章制度告诉我们对待他人的正确方式”不难得出答案。
14．B。考查形容词根据同义重现，由最后一句“rules change all the time，and that some schools have some regulations and others have different ones—”可知，规章制度也可能是“令人困惑的”。
15．C。考查动词，根据此句的意思，既然不同学校的规章不同，该由谁来“评定”什么是正确的呢？
【技巧点拨】
在做完形填空时，当考生们面对难度较大的题目时，既要集中精力进行分析归纳，又要相信直觉做出大胆判断。
...
You fill in the blanks. What is it you would like to
15
that isn't happening？Perhaps the answer is that you are not yet
16
. Maybe you need more time to prepare before you are truly ready for that which you
17
.
15．A.survive
B．happen
C．gain
D．win
16．A.adventurous
B．active
C．ready
D．intelligent
17．A.concern
B．arrange
C．adore
D．desire
...
【解析】 本文是一篇夹叙夹议的文章。一个老师在课堂上对孩子们说，将来他们中会出现伟大的人物，虽然老师也许并没有在意自己的话，但是其中一个学生(杰克逊)，却认真地对待了老师的鼓励，后来成为美国历史上一个伟大的人物。本文说明了我们要为自己的将来作准备这一个道理。
15. B。考查上下文呼应。句意：你希望发生的而没有正在发生的事情是什么呢？由后面的“that isn't happening”可知答案是B。survive“幸存”；gain“获得”；win“赢得”，均不符合语境。
16. C。考查上下文呼应。句意：也许这个答案是你尚未准备好的。后面的“Maybe you need more time to prepare”可知答案为C。adventurous“冒险的”；active“积极的”；intelligent“聪明的”，均不符合语境。
17. D。考查语境逻辑。从前面的“Maybe you need more time to prepare before you are truly ready for that which”可知此处表示你需要更多的时间来为你想要的东西作准备。concern“关心”；arrange“安排”；adore“喜爱”，均不符合语境。