第五节 动词的时态和语态
考点一
时态
1．一般现在时
(1)表示现在的状态以及经常性或习惯性的动作。
He often gets up at six in the morning.
他经常早上6点起床。
(2)表示不受时间限制的客观事实或普遍真理。
As we know，light travels faster than sound.
众所周知，光比声音传播得快。
(3)在时间、条件或让步状语从句中，常用一般现在时表示将来。
As long as it doesn't rain tomorrow，we'll have a trip on schedule.
只要明天不下雨，我们就按原计划旅行。
[名师点津] 常用来表示按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作，只限于表示起止的动词如go，come，arrive，leave，start，fly，return等。
The live football match starts at 9 o'clock this evening.
足球实况转播今晚9点钟开始。
2．一般过去时
(1)表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用。
Long long ago，there was a war between birds and beasts.很久很久以前，鸟类和兽类发生过一场战争。
(2)表示说话人原来没有料到、想到的事。
I didn't know you were here.How long have you been here？我不知道你在这里，你来了多久了？
3．一般将来时
(1)表示将来的动作或状态常用will/shall＋动词原形；表示临时做出的决定用will＋动词原形。
—The light is still on.——灯还亮着。
—Sorry，I'll go and turn it off.
——很抱歉，我这就去关掉。
(2)be going to表示按计划、打算要做某事，此外，还可以表示根据现在的迹象对未来做出判断。
We are going to buy a new car.
我们打算买辆新车。
(3)be about to do表示即将发生的将来动作，不与时间状语连用。
I was about to leave when it began to rain.
我正要动身，这时天开始下雨了。
[名师点津] be to do表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、职责、可能性等。
You are to report it to the police.你应该报警。
4．过去将来时
表示从过去的观点看将来发生的行为或存在的状态，常用在宾语从句或间接引语中。
Last week he promised that he would be back，but he hasn't arrived until now.
上周他答应要回来，但是到现在还未到。
5．现在进行时
(1)表示说话时正在进行或现阶段正在进行的动作。
We are making model planes these days.
这些天我们在做飞机模型。
(2)表示说话人对主语的行为表赞叹或厌恶等，常与always，constantly，continually等副词连用。
He is always making the same mistake.
他老是犯同样的错误。
[名师点津] 表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作，常限于go，come，leave，start，arrive，take，meet等表示趋向的动词。此类动词多为短暂性动词。
He is leaving for Beijing to attend an important meeting tomorrow.
明天他要去北京参加一个重要会议。
6．过去进行时
(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。
We were discussing the plan at this time yesterday.
昨天这个时间我们正在讨论这个计划。
(2)某一动作发生时另一动作正在进行，其中一个动作一般存在于由when或while引导的时间状语从句中，持续性动作用过去进行时，短暂性动作用一般过去时。
He fell asleep when he was reading a book.
他看书时睡着了。
7．现在完成时
(1)表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时已经完成或结束。
The prices have gone down，but I wonder whether they will remain so.
价格已降下来了，但我不知道是否会继续这样。
(2)在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可代替将来。
I won't believe it until I have seen it with my own eyes.
直到我亲眼见到才相信。
[名师点津] This/It is the first/second...time＋ that从句，that从句一般用现在完成时。
This is the first time that I have been here.
这是我第一次来这里。
8．过去完成时
(1)表示某一动作或存在的状态发生在过去某一时间或某一动作之前，即“过去的过去”。
By the end of last month，we had finished all the work.
截止到上月底，我们已经完成了所有的工作。
(2)表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划，常见的有had hoped/wanted/expected/meant/intended等。
I had hoped to send him a Christmas card，but I forgot to do so.
我本来想送他一张圣诞节贺卡，但把这事给忘了。
(3)在hardly...when...，no sooner...than ...句式中hardly，no sooner所在句子用过去完成时，when和than所在的句子用一般过去时，表示“一……就……”。
No sooner had he rushed out than the house fell
down.
他刚冲出去房子就塌了。
考点二
易混时态辨析
1．一般现在时与现在进行时
(1)一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性或不以时间的变化而发生改变的动作。
(2)现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，或现阶段一直进行的动作。
Teenagers are damaging their health because they play computer games too much.青少年正在损害自己的健康，因为他们玩的电脑游戏太多了。
2．一般过去时与过去进行时
(1)一般过去时表示动作的完成，即动作发生过且已结束，着眼于结果。
(2)过去进行时表示动作的未完成性、持续性、着眼于过程。
If it had been fine yesterday，we could have watched that air show.But it rained all day.
如果昨天天气好的话，我们就能看到那场飞行表演了，但是下了一整天雨。(暗示动作已经完成)
—Can you give me a hint where I should take up the story Gifts of the Magi?
——你能提示我一下从哪里开始讲述《玛吉的礼物》吗？
—Sorry，my mind was wandering.
——对不起，我刚才走神了。(暗示动作未完成)
3．一般过去时与现在完成时
(1)一般过去时所表示的动作时间是具体确定的，与其他时间没有牵连。
(2)现在完成时表示的动作与现在有关系，对现在造成影响。
I came to Beijing last year and have been here ever since.我去年来到北京，然后一直住在这里。
4．一般过去时与过去完成时
(1)一般过去时侧重发生在过去的客观事实。
(2)过去完成时强调动作发生在“过去的过去”，所以一定有一个表示过去的参照点。
Though I had been warned not to buy more new clothes，I did buy that fancy dress at length.
尽管我被提醒不要买太多新衣服，但我最后终于买了那件漂亮的裙子。
5．一般将来时与将来进行时
(1)一般将来时表示即将发生的动作或存在的状态。
(2)将来进行时强调将来某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。
The challenger says that he will do his best.
挑战者说他要竭尽全力。
I will be watching the sunrise at the top of the mountain this time tomorrow.
明天这个时候，我就会在山顶上看日出了。
[名师点津] 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：
(1)现在完成时强调过去某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响。
(2)现在完成进行时强调的是在一段时期内某些活动的持续性，强调的是动作本身。
—That is the third time that he has won the award in this field.——这是他第三次在这个领域获奖。
—Yes.He has been exploring his maximum potential in the past decade.——是的。在过去的十年里，他一直在发挥着自己的最大潜能。
考点三
被动语态
1．英语中动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
被动语态的构成(以write为例)
时间 一般时态 进行时态 完成时态
现在 am/is/are written am/is/are being written has/have been written
过去 was/werewritten was/were being written had been
written
将来 shall/will be written
[名师点津] 做有关被动语态的题目可以分两步走：第一步确定正确的时态，第二步确定正确的语态。判断用主动语态还是用被动语态的根据是看主语与谓语动词之间的关系：如果是主谓关系则用主动语态，如果是动宾关系则用被动语态。
2．被动语态的特殊形式：get/become done，此结构比较口语化。
His car got damaged in a road accident.
他的车在一次交通事故中被毁了。
3．主动结构表示被动含义
(1)表示状态、特征的系动词如look，sound，smell，taste，feel，prove等。
The flowers smell sweet.
花儿散发着芳香。
(2)表示主语某种属性、特征的动词如read，sell，write，wash，wear等。
This kind of jacket sells well.这种夹克很畅销。
(3)表示开始、结束、运动的动词如begin，start，finish，stop，open，close等。
The shop closes at 6 pm every day.
商店每天下午6点关门。
[名师点津] 被动结构表示主动含义，常见的有be married，be seated，be dressed in，be devoted to，be lost in，be addicted to等。
The boy was lost in thought.
这个男孩正在深思。
[本节小结]
动词的时态和语态在历年的高考中均占有相当大的比例，而且难度也在逐年加大。近几年高考考查趋向于少用外显的时间状语，而是转向一些隐蔽的时间暗示，即在具体的语境中考查时态和语态的用法。预计在未来的高考中，结合具体语境的时态、语态及词类的题目仍是考查的重点。
针对训练
Ⅰ.完成句子
1．(2017·安徽高考)The twins，who ________ (finish)their homework，were allowed to play badminton on the playground.
【答案】 had finished
2．(2017·北京高考)—Hi，let's go skating.
—Sorry，I'm busy right now.I ________ (fill)in an application form for a new job.
【答案】 am filling
3．(2017·北京高考) I found the lecture hard to follow because it ________ (start)when I arrived.
【答案】 had started
4．(2017·大纲全国卷)Unless some extra money ________(find)，the theatre will close.
【答案】 is found
5．(2017·大纲全国卷)The reports went missing in 2017 and nobody ________(see) them since.
【答案】 has seen
6．(2017·福建高考)—Haven't seen you for ages! Where have you been?
—I went to Ningxia and________(stay) there for one year，teaching as a volunteer.
【答案】 stayed
7．(2017·湖南高考)Since the time humankind started gardening，we ________(try) to make our environment more beautiful.
【答案】 have been trying
8．(2017·天津高考)We won't start the work until all the preparations ________.
【答案】 have been made
9．(2017·江苏高考)—How much do you know about the Youth Olympic Games to be held in Nanjing?
—Well，the media
________
(cover)it in a variety of forms.
【答案】 have covered
10．(2017·江西高考)—Tony，why are your eyes red?
— I ________ (cut)up peppers for the last five minutes.
【答案】 have been cutting
Ⅱ.语篇填空
用所给提示词的适当形式填空，使短文合理，连贯
It was getting dark when I 1.________ (get) home.It was cold and I 2.________ (wear) a coat.I walked up to the door and put my hand into my pocket to take out the key，but I couldn't
find it.I suddenly remembered that I 3.________ (leave) it on my desk in the office.It really didn't make any difference.I knew my wife 4.________ (be) at home and the children must have come back from school by now, so I 5.________ (knock) at the door.
There was no answer.I 6.________ (continue) knocking
at the door for some time.I 7.________ (get) angry.Then I remembered something the office boy 8.________ (tell) me at noon.He said that my wife 9.________ (phone) saying that she 10.________ (go) shopping in the afternoon with the children.It seemed that nothing 11.________ (can do) and I 12.________ (shut) out of my house.
【答案】 1.got 2.was wearing 3.had left 4.was 5.knocked 6.continued 7.was getting 8.had told 9.had phoned 10.would go 11.could be done 12.would be shut
综合演练
语法填空
根据提示词用适当的时态和语态填空(不多于3个单词)使短文合理，连贯
Welcome to our school.I'd like to introduce you plans for our school.We 1.________(do) a lot of work in the past few years.The library has been completed and 2.________(be) ready for use.But we still have to do more work.We 3.________(build) a new biology lab this year.But we 4.________(not have) enough money for the equipment.
Students in all grades 5.________(collect) money.The money which is being collected will 6.________(spend) on new equipment.At present，we 7.________(make) a plan for a party at the end of the term，at which our students 8.________(give)wonderful performances.
The gardens of the school are being improved this year.New trees are being planted which 9.________(give) shade soon in summer.The whole school are being painted during the summer holidays.In fact，our school 10.________(become) more and more beautiful.
【答案】 1.have done 2.is 3.will build 4.don't have 5.are collecting 6.be spent 7.are making 8.will give 9.will give 10.is becoming