1.完全倒装和部分倒装。 2.各种句子成分及习惯上的省略。 3.强调句型及对谓语部分的强调。 一、倒装 1. 完全倒装
完全倒装是把句子的谓语全部置于主语之前。在下列几种情况下多用完全倒装：
地点状语位于句首，且主语为名词而谓语为不及物动词的陈述句。如：
On the top of the hill stands a big pine tree.
在“there + be / live / lie / stand / ...”结构中。如：
Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.
here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, off, away等副词位于句首，主语为名词，谓语动词通常是be, come, go, run, rush, fly, follow, fall等词，时态为一般时。如：
Here are some advertisements about cars.
There come the rest of the students.
Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas.
注意：当主语是代词时，主语和谓语的语序不变。如：
Away he went.
Down it came.
有时为了强调或者为了使句子平衡，常把句子的表语置于句首，构成完全倒装。如：
Present at the meeting were Professor Smith, Professor Brown and many other celebrities.
Gone are the days when they had nothing to eat.
such作表语提前时。如：
Such is the influence of TV that it can make a person famous overnight.
有时为了强调，可将谓语部分的动词-ing形式、过去分词或不定式置于句首。如：
Standing beside the table was his wife.
Buried in the sands was an ancient village.
To be carefully considered are the following questions. 2. 部分倒装
部分倒装是把谓语的一部分（助动词或情态动词）提到主语之前。使用部分倒装的情况有：
含否定意义的词或短语(如not, nor, never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, little, few, nowhere, not until, not only, no sooner, in no way, on no account, under no circumstances, by no means等)置于句首时。如：
Never would he know what she had suffered.
Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.
On no account must we give up this attempt.
only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句位于句首时。如：
Only when she came home did her mother learn the news.
当表示前面提出的某一情况也同样适用于后者时，通常要用“so / neither / nor +系动词/助动词/情态动词+主语”倒装结构。如：
He can speak English and so can I.
If she won’t go there tomorrow, neither / nor will I.
当虚拟条件句含有were, should, had时，可省略if，将were, should, had移到主语之前。如：
Should you require anything, give me a ring.
Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him.
so ... that结构中的“so +形容词/副词”置于句首时，主句通常要部分倒装，但如果谓语动词为be时，则为全部倒装。如：
So earnestly did the boy beg that his father gave his permission. （部分倒装）
So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.（全部倒装） 3. 常见考点
高考对倒装的考查主要是方位词、否定词位于句首、so, neither, nor等位于句首及一些固定结构中的倒装。
1) “Never for a second,” the boy says, “_____ that my father would come to my rescue.”
A. I doubted B. do I doubt
C. I have doubted D. did I doubt 2) Not until he went through real hardship _____ the love we have for our families is important.
A. had he realized
B. did he realize
C. he realized
D. he had realized 二、省略
1. 简单句中的省略
简单句中，可以省略谓语(的一部分)或主语。另外，也可省略宾语等其他成分。如：
(I am) Looking forward to hearing from you soon.
—What do you think made Mary so upset?
—Losing her bicycle (made her upset).
2. 并列句中的省略
在由并列连词and, but, or等连接的并列句中，后边的分句中可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分，以避免重复。如：
My room is on the fifth floor, and hers (is) on the eighth (floor).
3. 复合句中的省略
当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致，且谓语动词中有be时，从句的主语和be可以省略。另外，当状语从句的主语和谓语是it is / was时，it is / was常被省略。如：
The boy studies very hard though (he is) still rather weak.
You may turn to the dictionary when (it is) necessary. 注意：
在状语从句中，省略了从句中的主语和be动词，这时从句中可出现如下结构：连词(as if, as, once)+名词；连词(though, whether, when)+形容词；连词(whether, as if, while)+介词短语；连词(when, while, though)+动词-ing形式；连词)when, if, even if, unless, once, than, as)+ 过去分词；连词(as if, as though)+不定式。
在对话中，常用so或not来替代上文的一部分或整个从句。如：
—Do you think he will lend us a hand?
—I hope so. (= I hope he will lend us a hand.)
在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词that, which, whom, who等常可以省略。如：
He is the man (who / whom / that) you can depend on.
引导宾语从句的连词that常被省略。如：
We all know (that) light travels much faster than sound.
为避免重复，不定式常省去前面出现的相同部分，而只保留不定式符号to。但如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be, have时，这些词要保留。如：
I saw him playing with a gun, and I told him not to.
My brother has lost a lot of weight — he is three kilos lighter than he used to be.
—Hasn’t he finished writing the report?
—No, but he ought to have.
单独使用不定式符号to代替不定式后被省略的动词，常用在be afraid, expect, forget, hope, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, refuse, seem, try, want, wish等后面。如：
I asked him to see the film, but he didn’t want to.
如果从句的谓语动词与主句的谓语动词一样，从句中的谓语动词可以用do, did, does等代替。
4. 习惯上的省略
由固定短语引导的疑问句。如：
What about having a game of chess?
What if it’s raining?
习惯性的交际用语。如：
Not at all. 不用谢。
No matter. 不要紧。
Thanks. 谢谢。 5. 常见考点
高考对省略的考查主要集中在不定式中的省略和状语从句中的省略。
1) The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police _____.
A. not to do B. not to
C. not do D. do not
2) Film has a much shorter history, especially when _____ such art forms as music and painting.
A. having compared to
B. comparing to
C. compare to
D. compared to 三、强调
1. It is / was ... that / who(m) ...
该句型可用于强调除谓语以外的其它句子成分，强调句的结构是：it + is / was +被强调部分+ that / who(m) +其它部分。
强调的主语是人，可用who引导后面的部分，间或用that；若主语是物，则用that。
如果强调的宾语或介词宾语是人，用whom，间或用that；若宾语是物，用that。
强调状语时多用that引导。
强调句的否定形式：It isn’t / wasn’t +被强调部分+ that / who(m) ...。
一般疑问句形式：Was / Is it +被强调部分+ that / who(m) ...?
特殊疑问句形式：特殊疑问词+ was / is it that ...?
not ... until ...的强调句形式为固定结构，即：It is / was not until ... that / who(m) ...。
2. do / does / did + 动词原形
如果需要强调谓语时，借用助动词do / does / did，且只能用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定句中。如：
Do be careful when you cross the street.
I’ll tell you something that does sound strange.
She did come late, very late. I had marked her absence, of course.
3. 常见考点
高考对强调句的考查，主要考查强调句的陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句形式及与其它含it句型的区别。
1) It was with the help of the local guide _____ the mountain climber was rescued.
A. who B. that
C. when D. how
2) It was only after he had read the papers _____ Mr. Gross realized the task before him was extremely difficult to complete.
A. when B. that
C. which
D. what
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