英语基础知识篇 名词的讲解与训练
第一节 词法
目标
要求
1、运用词汇理解和表达不同的功能、意图和态度等;
2、运用词汇描述比较复杂的事物、行为和特征,说明概念等;
3、学会使用3000个单词和400—500个习惯用语或固定搭配。
一、词 性
1. 整体概述
英语中共有十种词性(),:(notional words),(noun)(verb)(adjective)(adverb)(numeral)(pronoun);(function words),(preposition)(conjunction)(article)(interjection),;,:
(1)
(2)Oh, you are a professor fro University, but I didn’t know. (划线的均为虚词)
哦,,
2. 具体用法
名词的讲解与训练
知识要点
英语中的名词主要分成两种:一是普通名词;二是专有名词。(具体见下表)
名 词 分 类 例
词
普
通名词 可数名词 单数形式 book, photo, dictionary, pencil , woman
复数形式 tomatoes, wives, watches, pens, names
不可数名词 milk, water, rice, fun, progress, music
专
有
名
词 表示人或地方等专有名称的词,第一个字母需要大些。 China, Beijing, Zhengzhou, America, Lily,
England, Alice, Jack, Li Hua, Liu Hong-mei,
Karl Marx
疑难突破
1. 可数名词与不可数名词。可数名词主要是一些普通名词,它们既有单数,也有复数,既有规则的变化,也有不规则的变化;不可数名词主要指物质名词和抽象名词。除少数特殊情况外,这些名一般没有复数形式,如果要表示量化,前面要加数量词。如:water(水), milk(牛奶, tea(茶), sand(沙子), bread(面包), progress (进步),advice (忠告),fun (趣事),information (信息)等。再如a kind of music (一种音乐 ),two pieces of news (两则资讯), a bowl of rice (一碗米饭), three cups of tea (三杯茶)等。
平时要注意对少数特殊的不可数名词意义上的区分。如water (水)--- waters (海水;河水;江水), food (食物)---foods (各种食物),iron(铁)--- an iron/ irons (烫斗), success (成功)--- a success(成功者), pleasure (快乐)--- a pleasure (快乐的事), failure (失败)--- a failure (失败者)等。
2. 名词所有格。名词所有格多数情况是在名词右上方打一撇或逗号,表示“……的”。但如果以 “ s” 结尾的名词只打一撇或逗号就行了,同时也可在其名词前用介词“of”表示所有格。如Li Hua’s(李华的),Lucy’s (露西的),Liu Hongmei’s(李红梅的),Fang Fang’s(芳芳的),students’(学生们的),women’s(女人的),the city of Shanghai (上海市),the city of Kaifeng (开封城),tomorrow’s newspaper (明天的报纸)等。
即学即练
1. The system has been designed to give students quick and easy
to the digital resources of the library.
A. access
B. passage
C. way
D. approach
2. The young man made a_______ to his parents that he would try to earn his own living after graduation.
A. prediction
B. promise
C. plan
D. contribution
The World Health Organization gave a warning to the public without any
when the virus of
H1N1 hit Mexico in April, 2009.
A. delay
B. effort
C. schedule
D. consideration
4. Form their ________ on the top of the TV Tower, visitors can have a better view of the city.
A. stage
B. position
C. condition
D. situation
5. The __________ shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into __________ car.
A. girl's; Tom's
B. girls'; Toms'
C. girls'; Tom's
D. girl's; Toms'
6. He doesn’t have _______ furniture in his room—just an old desk.
A. any
B. many
C. some
D. Much
7.—He says that my new car is a ____________ of money.
—Don’t you think those words are just sour grapes?
A. lack
B. load
C. question
D. waste
8. Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health. It may also be good for ______ building.
A. respect
B. friendship
C. reputation
D. character
9. In our class, when the bell rang and the teacher closed his book, it was a ______ for everyone to stand up.
A. signal
B. chance
C. mark
D. Measure
10. Encourage your children to try new things, but try not to them too hard.
A. draw
B. strike
C. rush
D. push
名词
即学即练
1.A。access to“接近……”是固定搭配。
2.B。那个年轻人向父母做出允诺----毕业后将尽量自食其力。make a promise做出允诺,句中that引导的是同位语从句,作promise的同位语。make a prediction作出预言;make a plan作计划;make a contribution做贡献。
3.A。名词词义辨析。delay耽搁,延误;effort努力;schedule时间表;consideration考虑,体谅;关心。题意:当H1N1型2009年4月袭击墨西哥时,世界卫生组织毫不犹豫地向人们提出了警告。选A。
4.B。名词词义辨析;stage:舞台,时期,阶段;position:位置;condition:条件,情况;situation:形式,情况;情景;根据空前的物主代词their可以推断出此处选B。题干意思是:从他们在电视塔顶部的位置,游客们可以更好地看到这个城市的景色。
5.C。名词所有格形式。根据题干后半部分的them可知对应复数girls。此题较易。
6.D。furniture是不可数名词,不能用many修饰;not …any相当于no,与后面的an old desk矛盾;some一般修饰肯定句;故答案选D。
7.D。考查单词的区别:lack缺乏;load负担;question疑问;waste 浪费;根据句意,尤其是下句的sour grapes(酸葡萄)可知答案选D。
8.D。根据常识便可知运动既可增强体质也可强健个性,不会增强尊敬或名声,友谊可以增强,但与前面health不搭配,故答案为character。
9.A。根据句意可知打铃及老师合上书本,这是下课的暗示,选项中只能选择signal。chance机会;mark分数,痕迹;measure方法,措施;这三者不合题意。
10.D。句意为:鼓励你的孩子去尝试新事物,但不要把它们太难了。push 推,挤,逼迫;strike v. 打,罢工,划燃;rush v. 冲进,匆促行事,催;draw v. 拉,拖,挨近,提取,画,绘制。根据句意,应选D。
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