第2讲 冠词一、不定冠词(a/an)
规则1：当紧挨着不定冠词的单词的第一个音素为辅音音素时，用a；而当紧挨着不定冠词的单词的第一个音素为元音音素时，用an。
【特别提醒】判断a还是an的依据是其后的词的发音，而不是单纯判断是否元音字母。
a university student, a unique style, a European writer, an honest boy, an x－ray, an 800－metre－long bridge
规则2：“a/an ＋ 可数名词单数”常用来表示泛指。
I only know it was a dog not a cat that bit me.
我只知道是狗咬了我而不是猫。
The boy was very pleased to have caught a fish.
这男孩很高兴抓住了一条鱼。
规则3：序数词前面加不定冠词a/an表示“再一，又一”。
She didn't like the color of the two bags and asked for a third one.
她不喜欢这两个包的颜色，又要了一个。
They have a second house in the country.
他们在乡下还有一间房子。
规则4：在“of ＋ a/an ＋名词单数”结构中，不定冠词a/an表示“同一，相同”，相当于the same。
They are all songs of a type.
它们是同类型的歌曲。
Birds of a feather flock together.
物以类聚，人以群分。
规则5：不定冠词a/an用在姓氏和星期名称前表示“某一个”，“有一个”；也可指与某名人有类似性质的人或事物，相当于“a certain”。
We all regard him as a living Lei Feng.
我们把他当做活雷锋。
A Mr. Li died on a Saturday.
有个李先生死于某个星期天。
规则6：a/an 在表示时间和度量单位的名词前，表示“每一”。
He walks twenty miles an hour.
他每小时走20英里。
规则7：不定冠词a/an用在某些抽象名词和物质名词前，表示“一种，一件，一个”之意；如果这些名词前有形容词修饰，则不定冠词通常不可少。
She was a beauty when young.
她年轻的时候是个美人。
He received
a good education.
他接受过很好的教育。
规则8：moon, sky, world等表示世界上独一无二的事物被形容词修饰时前面要加不定冠词。
When can we enjoy a new moon?
我们何时才能欣赏到一弯新月呢？
规则9：用于most 前表示程度，意为“非常，十分”。
It's a most interesting book.
这是一本非常有趣的书。
二、 定冠词(the)
定冠词(the)主要用于特指，但也可以用于泛指。所谓特指，是指上文已提到的人和物，或是被限制性修饰语加以限定的人和物，也可指说话双方心目中所默认的特定的人和物。
规则1：方位名词east, west, south, north, left, right, front, middle 和时间名词present, past, future前都要用定冠词the。
He lives in the north.
他生活在北方。
We learn from the past, experience the present, and hope for the future.
我们学习过去，体验现在，展望未来。
【注意】作副词用时不加冠词。
He was then heading east for the school farm.
他当时正朝东向学校农场走去。
规则2：定冠词用于姓氏名称的复数前，表示“一家人或夫妇俩”。
The Smiths live in the apartment above ours.
史密斯一家住在我们上面的一个公寓里。
规则3：by 和计量单位名词连用时，名词前要用冠词the；但如果该名词为不可数名词，则不用冠词。例如：by the yard/the meter/the dozen/the month/ the year/the hour, 但是要说：by weight/volume/area。
He pays the rent by the month.
他按月付房租。
They got their pay by weight.
他们按重量取酬。
规则4：当西洋乐器名称作play的宾语时，名词前必须加定冠词the。
She is good at playing the piano.
她钢琴弹得好。
规则5：名词由短语或定语从句修饰而成为特指时要加定冠词the；但是，修饰以后仍然是泛指时就不能用定冠词。
This morning I saw a woman who looked like your aunt.
今天上午我看到了一位妇女，她很像你的阿姨。
You'd better ask the woman who sits in front of you to help you.
你最好请坐在你前面的妇女帮你。
规则6：“the ＋ 可数名词单数”表示泛指时通常是在谈论发明物和科技问题，而“the ＋ 表人的形容词或表国籍的形容词(以－sh或－ch结尾的)”表示泛指时是指“某一类人和全体某国人”。
Do you know who invented the telephone?
你知道是谁发明了电话吗？
Her job was to take care of the wounded.
她的工作就是照顾伤员。
The British are very proud of their sense of humor.
英国人为自己的幽默感而自豪。
规则7：用于某些介词短语中指身体的某个部分。
We caught him by the arm.
我们抓住了他的胳膊。
He patted me on the back.
他轻轻地拍了拍我的背。
规则8：另外，独一无二的名词、江河湖海(山脉、群岛、海湾、海峡)等地理名词、形容词和副词最高级及某些含有普通名词的专有名词(国名、组织机构、建筑物、报纸杂志、会议条约等)前要用定冠词。
He looked up at the stars in the sky.
他抬头看了看天上的星星。
Of the four of us, I sang the worst.
我们4个当中，我唱得最差。
The Yellow River flows into the Bohai Sea.
黄河流入渤海。
We visited the Great Wall yesterday.
昨天我们参观了长城。
规则9：用在习惯语中。
in the end, on the whole, by the way
三、零冠词 (即不用冠词)
规则1：物质名词和抽象名词都是不可数名词，泛指总称时不用冠词。
Wealth does not always bring happiness.
财富不总是会带来幸福。
I love music, while my brother likes art.
我喜欢音乐，而我兄弟却爱好艺术。
规则2：class, school, church, college, university, hospital, prison, court, bed, table等名词，当我们取它们的功能意义作某一目的用时，不加冠词；如果这些名词表示“场所”时，要加冠词。
He left school at the age of 18.
他18 岁学校毕业。
They live near a school.
他们靠一所学校居住。
Parents should tell children to behave well at table.
父母应教育孩子注意餐桌礼仪。
A bowl fell off the table.
一只碗从桌子上掉了下来。
规则3: society表示“我们居住的社会”时， space表示“星球间的距离即太空”时， nature表示“大自然”时， most表示“大多数”， man 表示“人类”，word表示“消息”时都不用冠词。
Racism exists at all levels of society.
种族主义存在于社会各阶层。
规则4：“…kind of ＋名词”中的名词不用冠词，类似的名词还有：type, sort, species。
Today's vehicles use two kinds of fuel — petrol and diesel.
如今的车辆使用两种燃料——汽油和柴油。
He's a fine type of Chinese gentleman.
他是中国绅士的典范。
规则5: 在动词turn之后作表语的名词前不用冠词。在as(虽然)引导的让步状语从句前面的单数可数名词前不用冠词。
He used to be a teacher till he turned writer.
他在成为作家以前一直是老师。
Quiet student as he may be, he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class.
虽然他是个安静的学生，下课后他经常谈论他特别喜欢的歌星。
规则6：三餐，球类运动和棋类游戏名词前不用冠词。
play football 踢足球
play chess 下国际象棋
规则7：表示职位、身份、头衔和季节、年份、日期的名词前不用冠词。
President was holding the meeting.
董事长在主持会议。
Spring is at hand.
春天即将来临。
规则8：多数街名、广场名、车站、机场、公园、桥梁名、大学名、节日名、杂志名前不用冠词。
Time Square
时代广场
St. Valentine's Day 情人节
Reader's Digest 《读者文摘》
规则9：一些惯用成语中常使用零冠词。
at table 在吃饭
on purpose 故意的
by letter/mail/telephone/land/sea 通过书信/邮件/电话/陆路/海路
2讲 冠词（考点突破）() 1. If I were in ______ position of the mayor, I wouldn't allow ______ factory like this standing on the bank of the Yangtze River.(2010·重庆高三模拟)
A. a; the
B. the；/
C. the; a
D. /; the
() 2. Mrs. Hanson, a housewife bent on getting ______ higher education, has been going to college, a few courses at ______ time, for 7 years. (2010·江苏宁海外国语学校高三月考)
A. a; a
B. /; the
C. the; a
D. /; /
【解析】
1. C 第一空后的position 后有限定语，表示特指，所以用定冠词；第二空后的factory为可数名词，且表示泛指，所以加不定冠词。
2. A education为不可数名词，但前面有修饰语，具体化了，加定冠词；at a time为固定搭配，表示“一次”。
() 3. There is ______ small temple on the island, which can only be reached by ______ water. (2011·云南昆明一中高三月考)
A. a; /
B. a; the
C. the; the
D. the; /
() 4. — Excuse me, where can I get ______ application form?
— Go to ______ Window 10, please. (2010·北京市重点中学高三考前预测)
A. an; /
B. an; the
C. /; /
D. the; the
【解析】
3. A 第一空泛指一座庙，用不定冠词；by water意为“坐船”，相当于by ship，不加冠词，类似的还有by bus/by sea/by air。
4. A 第一空后的form为可数名词，且表示泛指，用不定冠词；第二空的名词后有数词，不加冠词。
() 5. It is reported that a car went out of ______ control on a high way ______ north of Tangshan and three people got killed.
(2010·河北唐山一中高考模拟)
A. the; the
B. /; the
C. the; /
D. /; /
() 6. Department of Homeland Security and CIA produced ______ joint report on Monday warning that ______ next 9·11 could in fact occur on ______ different date. (2011·河南郑州四中高三调考)
A. the; a; the
B. a; the; a
C. the; the; a
D. a; /; the
【解析】
5. D out of control为固定搭配，意为“失去控制”。表示方位的名词前没有介词，不加冠词。
6. B a joint report 一份联合报告；第一和第三空后都跟的是可数名词，且表示泛指，故加不定冠词；第二空后的名词是特指，用定冠词。
() 7. — What ______ disappointment to see Liu Xiang quit his game in ______ 29th Beijing Olympic Games!
— But I still support him. After all, he is in poor health.(2011·江苏白塔高级中学高三月考)
A. /; the
B. a; the
C. the; /
D. the; the
【解析】
7. B 句中disappointment已具体化，故第一空用不定冠词，表示“一件令人失望的事”；根据句意，北京奥运会为特指名词，故第二空用定冠词。
() 8. When the ship was on ______ point of sinking, people on ______ board rushed to the bank.
(2011·四川成都市三校高三联考)
A. the; /
B. a; a
C. the; the
D. /; the
() 9. With its rising economy in China, ______ car is becoming ______ common means of transportation. (2011·浙江衢州市杜泽中学高三第一次模拟)
A. a; the
B. /; a
C. the; a
D. the; the
【解析】
8. A on the point of 为固定短语，意为“就要……的时候”；on board 也是固定短语，意为“在飞机上、船上、车上”。
9. C “定冠词＋可数名词”表示一类；a common means of transportation
一种普遍的交通方式； means 这里为单数形式。
()10. — Do you know your cousin plays ______ piano all day even on the National Day?
— I know he wants to be ______ Lang Lang.(2011·四川成都七中学情检测)
A. the; the
B. the; a
C. /; a
D. /; the
()11. If you grow up in ______ large family, you are more likely to develop ______ ability to get on well with ______ others. (2011·福建福州三中高三月考)
A. /; an; the
B. the; an; the
C. a; the; /
D. a; the; the
【解析】
10. B 在西洋乐器名称前用定冠词；第二空后的Lang Lang 为专有名词，用不定冠词表示类似的一个或某一个，意为“他想成为像郎朗一样的人”。
11. C 第一空后的family 为可数名词且表示泛指，用不定冠词。ability 后有不定式短语限定，为特指，用定冠词；第三空后的others 为泛指，不加冠词。
()12. Mr. White, who comes from ______ European country, has formed ______ habit of attending ______ church on Sundays.(2010·浙江杭州西湖高级中学高三月考)
A. an; /; the
B. a; the; /
C. an; the; /
D. a; a; a
()13. On April 14th, residents of China's remote Yushu County, located on ______ Tibetan plateau, were awoken by ______ strong earthquake. (2010·江苏南京一中高三模拟)
A. the; the
B. a; the
C. a; /
D. the; a
【解析】
12. B a European country 一个欧洲国家；第二空后的habit后有限定语，为特指，用定冠词；attend church 为固定短语，意为“去做礼拜”。
13. D the Tibetan Plateau 青藏高原，在地理名词前用定冠词；a strong earthquake 一次强地震。
()14. —
I've heard that most schools have banned ______ junk food and brought out new menus.
— “That's cool”， said Andrew, ______ 11th grader. (2010·江苏宿迁市高三模拟)
A. /; an
B. /; the
C. the; a
D. the; /
()15. The driver was at
______ loss when ______ word came that he was forbidden to drive for speeding. (2010·江苏建湖二中高三模拟)
A. a; /
B. a; the
C. the; the
D. /; /
【解析】
14. A 第一空后food 为不可数名词，且表示泛指，故用零冠词；第二空用不定冠词，相当于one，意为“一个11年级的学生”。
15. A at a loss 为固定短语，意为“不知所措”；word 此处意为“消息”，其前不用冠词。
()16. — Did Susanna visit you again ______ next year?
— No, it was almost ten years before she came to see me ______ second time.(2010·江苏省泰州/南通市高三模拟)
A. the; a
B. the; /
C. a; the
D. a; a
()17. Hunger is ______ number one global health risk, so the WFP has organized a lot of programmes, which targets people most at ______ risk. (2010·江苏盐城中学高三期中考试)
A. the; /
B. a; / C. the; the
D. a; a
【解析】
16. A 第一空后的名词为双方都知道的事物，特指，用定冠词；“a＋序数词”表示“又一个，再一个”。
17. A 第一空用定冠词，特指“第一位的威胁”；at risk 为固定短语，表示“处于危险中”。
()18. — In recent years, ______ problem of global warming has become very serious.
— That's right. People are facing ______ diversity of natural disasters now.(2010·江苏南京十三中高三考前模拟)
A. /; a
B. a; the
C. the; a
D. a; a
【解析】
18. C 第一空用定冠词，特指“全球变暖的问题”；a diversity of 为固定搭配，意为“多样化的”。
()19. In recent years, ______ piracy (海盗行为) in Somali is becoming ______ concern for all countries.(2010·江苏新海高级中学高三月考)
A. the; the
B. the; a
C. /;
D. the; /
()20. The operation is ______ success and the patient is now out of ______ danger.
A. a; the
B. a; 不填
C. 不填； the
D. 不填； 不填
【解析】
19. B piracy 后有后置定语，特指，用定冠词；concern 在此表示具体的含义，“令人担心的事”，前用不定冠词修饰。
20. B success 指“成功”，为可数名词；out of danger(脱离危险)为习语，不用冠词。
()21. How strange! These years my birthday always falls ______.
A. on the Sunday
B. on a Sunday
C. on Sunday
D. at a Sunday
()22. As is known to us all, ______ tiger is in ______ danger of becoming extinct.
A. the; a
B. the; 不填
C. a；不填
D. 不填； the
【解析】
21. B Sunday 前用不定冠词，表示“某一个星期天”。
22. B 当概括事物的种类时，用定冠词，不用不定冠词；in danger of 是固定短语，不用冠词。
()23. As ______ unemployment is very high at the moment, it's very difficult for people to find ______ work.
A. the; 不填
B. 不填； 不填
C. the; a
D. an; the
()24. The education of ______ young is always ______ hot and serious topic.
A. 不填； 不填
B. the; a
C. 不填； the
D. the; 不填
【解析】
23. B unemployment 和 work 均为不可数名词，其前均不用冠词。
24. B the young 意为“年轻人”，定冠词用于某些形容词前表示一类人或事物；第二空填不定冠词修饰名词 topic。
()25. I often have conversations with John over ______ telephone, while keep in touch with Tom by ______ letter.
A. 不填；the
B. 不填；a
C. the；不填
D. the; a
【解析】
25. C over / on the telephone 为习语，意为“电话”；若用 by telephone 则不用冠词，类似地，by letter(信件)也不用冠词。