Unit 3 Science versus nature【1】 beyond prep. (表示位置)在……的那边，迟于，超出
There is a beautiful lake beyond the hill.
山那边有一个美丽的湖。
beyond belief 难以置信
beyond doubt 毫无疑问
beyond one's imagination 超出想象
beyond one's reach 某人够不着
beyond recognition 认不出来
beyond praise 赞叹不已
beyond compare 举世无双
beyond one's grasp 抓不住，难把握
What he said is beyond belief.
他说的话难以置信。
over, above, across, beyond
over 强调“(部分或全部覆盖)在……之上”，“翻越……”。
She put a blanket over the sleeping child.
她给熟睡的孩子盖上毯子。
above 强调“在……的上方/之前”，一般不与参照物相连。
We were flying above the clouds.
我们在云层上面飞行。
across 强调“从……一边到另一边”，“横过(马路等)”。
He walked across the field.
他走过田地。
beyond 强调“在……较远的一边”，“超出……范围”。
The road continues beyond the village up into the hills.
那条路经过村子后又往上延伸到群山中。
①What he said ______ was really ______ my imagination and belief.
A. over; beyond
B. above; beyond
C. over; above
D. above; over
②It's quite ______ me why such things have been allowed to happen.
A. for
B. behind
C. against
D. beyond
①B 第一空强调的是“之前他说的话”，第二空指的是“超出我的想象，不可信”。
②D It's beyond me why/what, etc. “我无法理解……”。
【2】 advance v. & n. 前进，推进；提前，提出
The captain ordered that the soldiers should advance in spite of the terrible weather.
长官命令士兵不顾恶劣的天气前进。
There have been great advances in medicine in the last ten years.
在近10年医药(学)方面有很大的进展。
The date of the meeting was advanced from June 10 to June 1st.
会议从6月10日提前到6月1日。
do…in advance 事先做好……
There will be a popular show this weekend, and my family have booked tickets in advance.
周末有一场表演，我家已提前订好了票。
advance in(on) 在……进步
in advance of 在……之前，优于，胜过
with the advance of 随着……的推进
①We live in an age of ______________________.
我们生活在技术迅猛发展的时代。
②It's cheaper if you book the tickets __________.
预订票要便宜些。
③They ________________ 20 miles by nightfall.
夜幕降临时，他们已推进了20英里。
①rapid technological advance
②in advance
③had advanced
【3】 point n. 点；得分；要点；观点；尖端 v. 指，指向
You've got a point there./That's a point.
你说得对。/有道理。
At one point, I thought she was going to refuse, but she finally agreed.
我一度认为她想拒绝，但最终她还是同意了。
He pointed to the spot where the house used to stand.
他指出那所房子原来所在的地方。
point of view 观点
be to/off the point 说中要害/走题
point out 指出
point to 指向(较远之物)
point at 指着(较近之物)
I am in a hurry, so please come ______.
A. to the point
B. off the point
C. in point
D. at point
A 表示“请直说，请不要拐弯抹角”。
【4】 desperate adj. 不顾一切的，拼命的；危急的，极其严峻的；非常需要的
If aid can't arrive within 24 hours, the situation in the earthquake－stricken areas will be desperate.
如果援助在24小时内不能到达，地震灾区的情形将会很危急。
be desperate to do…/for… 极想要做……，极想要得到……
After a whole day's working, the children are now desperate to have a good sleep.
一整天的学习后，孩子们现在急切需要好好睡一觉。
其他的表示“十分想要……”的词还有：
be dying to do…/be dying for…； can't wait to do…； be eager to do…/be eager for…； feel in a rush to do…； long for (sb. to do) sth.; be keen to do; fancy (doing) sth.; be anxious to do等。
Having suffered from the poverty for half his life, his father is now ______ to become rich.
A. desperate
B. desperated
C. eagering
D. anxious
A be desperate to do 非常想做……
【5】 benefit n. 利益，好处 v. 使受益；对……有益
benefit from/by sth. 得益于，得利于
have the benefit of 得益于
be of benefit to… 使……受益
for the benefit of…为了……的利益
for one's benefit 为了帮助某人，为了某人的利益
How much benefit did you get from your holiday?
你从假期中获益多少？
The new policy on the developing of agriculture is of great benefit to the farmers.
新出台的关于发展农业的政策对农民十分有利。
Some of the new technologies just can't benefit us humans.
有一些新技术就是不能给人类带来好处。
I have benefited much from the after－class activities.
我从课外活动中获益很多。
(1)beneficial adj. 有益的，有利的
It is a beneficial result to us.
这对我们来说是一个有利的结果。
Fresh air is beneficial to our health.
新鲜空气对我们的身体有利。
(2)profit n. 利润，利益
make a profit/profits from (…) (从……中)获得利润
non－profit organizations 非赢利性组织
①______ the factory he opened up three years ago, he has decided to close it.
A. Benefiting from
B. Not benefited
C. Benefited
D. Not benefiting from
②We got a lot of ____________________ learning a foreign language.
我们从学习外语中获得很多益处。
③That experience was of great ________________________________________________________________________.
那次经历对我很有益处。
④She went there ________________________ her health.
她为了健康而去了那里。
①D 他之所以要关掉工厂，是因为“没有从中获利”，所以A、C项不对。同时考虑与逻辑主语之间的主动/被动关系，所以选D。
②benefit from
③benefit to me
④for the benefit of
【6】辨析habit, practice, custom
(1)habit指个人的“习惯”，通常用于表示做事、思考问题或行为举止的不自觉的方式。(参见M6U3)
He is in the habit of rising early.
他有早起的习惯。
(2)practice 既可表示个人的也可表示社会的“习惯”，这种“习惯”从性质上看是一种反复不断的或是有选择性的行为或者方法。(参见M4U2)
It is my usual practice to pay on the nail when going shopping.
购物时我习惯于当场付钱。
(3)custom具有habit和practice的一切含义，此外，custom 还包含这样一层意思：长期而广泛采用的行为或方法，即风俗习惯，按照某地区人们共同生活及其行为的准则或规范，它不仅有指导意义，而且具有必须遵循的意义。
Social customs vary greatly from country to country.
国与国之间的社会习俗有很大差异。
Changing social conditions, however, are bringing changes in custom and law.
不过，社会的变化正在带来习俗和法律的变化。
①That proved to be my undoing, for I soon got back to my old bad __________ of dozing off(打瞌睡) in front of the screen.
②On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat — the normally accepted __________ in many northern countries.
③From the moment of his birth the __________ into which he is born shape his experience and behaviour.
①habit
②practice
③customs
【7】 limit vt. 限制；减少 n．限制，局限
be limited to (doing)…局限于(做)……
The noise of your radio must be limited to a level that we all can bear.
你收音机的音量必须控制在我们大家都能忍受的范围内。
The teacher limited our club to activities inside the schoolyard, which we all disagreed.
老师把我们俱乐部的活动限于在校园内，这一点我们都不同意。
within limit(s) 适当地，在……范围内
I will be willing to help, but within limit.
我乐意适当地帮你。
without limit 无限度地
set a limit to…为……设定一个界限
Shall we set a limit to the times you can be late for a term?
我们给你一个学期能迟到次数订一个限度，好吗？
There is a limit to………有限度
I will help as much as I can do, but there is a limit to what I can do.
我会尽力帮忙，但我能做的有限度。
limited adj. 有限的
Considering the time limit, we shall limit our meeting ______ three problems.
A. to discuss
B. to discussing
C. discussing
D. discussed
B limit sth. to (doing)…局限于(做)……
【8】辨析build, construct, establish, found
(1)build vt. 建造，普通用语，既可以用于具体事物，也可以用于具体概念，后常接up。
Rome was not built in a day.
罗马并非一日建成的。
(2)construct vt. 建造，正式用语，与build的不同之处在于它往往强调建设过程之中的问题，即强调脑力劳动。
The story is skillfully constructed.
故事的构思相当巧妙。
(3)establish vt. 创立，建立，与found是同义词，但它不但指打下了基础，而且使某物诞生并且能延续下去，后多跟抽象名词或机构名。
Our university was established in 1963.
我们大学始建于1963年。
(4)found vt. 建立，含有基础牢固的意思。
The pilgrims founded a colony in Plymouth.
清教徒们在普利茅斯建立了一个殖民地。
用以上单词的适当形式填空
①We're working hard __________ China into a prosperous and powerful socialist country.
②Mao Zedong and his partners __________ the theory of Mao Zedong‘s Thoughts in the process of Chinese Revolution.
③This factory was __________ by our company.
④The government wants to __________ the school as an example for all the schools in the local area.
⑤By 1909, Picasso had ______ himself as a painter of great talent in Paris.
A. made
B. recognized
C. admitted
D. established
①to build
②constructed
③founded
④establish
⑤D establish oneself as…“确立……的地位”。句子意思是“直到1909年毕加索才在巴黎确立了天才画家的地位”。A项“使……成为”；B项“承认、认出”；C项“承认”。
【9】conclude v．完成，结束，下结论
The report concluded that the cheapest option was to close the laboratory.
这份报告认为代价最低廉的选择是关闭实验室。
The dancing party concluded with the music “Going Home”．
舞会以《回家》的音乐结束。
to conclude 最后，总之
conclude one's research 完成研究
conclude an argument 结束争辩
conclude from sth. that… 从某事中得出结论
conclusion n. 结论，结束
make/draw/come to/arrive at/reach a conclusion 得出结论
in conclusion 总而言之
form one's own
conclusion 得出自己的结论
用来对前文进行总结的词除了to conclude外还有to sum up, to summarize, in a word, in one word, in summary, all in all, in brief等。
①__________________________________ they were not in favour of the plan.
他从他们的话语中推断出他们不赞同此项计划。
②____________________________ Stravinsky's “Rite of Spring”．
演出节目以斯特拉文斯基的《春之祭》结束。
③I've ________________________ he's not the right person for the job.
我断定他不适合做这项工作。
① He concluded from their remarks that
②The programme concluded with
③come to the conclusion that
【10】 urge v. 敦促，催促
urge sb. to do sth.＝urge sb. into doing sth.
怂恿某人做某事；力劝，敦促某人做某事
urge sth. on/upon sb. 向某人极力陈述某事，大力推荐
urge on/onward/forward 推进；驱策
urge against 极力反对
urge doing sth. 主张做某事
urge that sb. (should) do sth. 主张某人做……
It is/was urged that sb./sth.(should) do…有人主张……
urge sb. on 鼓励，激励，为某人加油
urgent adj. 紧急的，紧迫的，急切的
The teacher urged that all children be taken away from the spot.
老师主张把所有的儿童带离现场。
The government urged the public to move to the higher places in case of a hurricane.
政府催促公众搬到高地去，以防飓风到来。
①The report urged that all children ____________________.
这份报告呼吁教所有的儿童游泳。
②He __________ his horse __________.
他策马前行。
③She could hear him __________________ as she ran past.
她跑过他面前时，听到他在为她加油。
①be taught to swim
②urged; forward
③urging her on
【1】 in general/generally speaking 一般来说，从整体上讲
It's true that he sometimes doesn't obey the rules, but in general, he is a promising boy.
他确实有时不守规矩，但从整体上来说，他是个很有前程的孩子。
英语中in ＋ (抽象)名词，常相当于该名词的副词意义，此类短语还有：
in silence 安静地
in comfort 舒服地
in particular 尤其
in public 公开地
in earnest 认真地
______， the more expensive something is, the better the quality is.
A. In particular
B. In general
C. In common
D. In case
B 根据后面的描述“某件东西越贵，它的质量就越好”，这是就一般情况而言。D项的意思是“以防万一”。
【2】 praise sb. for… 因……而赞扬某人
The Secretary of the United Nations praised China for its quick reaction in face of emergency.
联合国秘书长表扬了中国在紧急情况下的快速反应。
in praise of…赞扬，表扬……
They organized a class meeting in praise of his heroic deeds.
他们组织了一次班会以表扬他的英勇事迹。
(1) 英语中for可以与许多词连用，表示原因，“因……而……”，如：thank…for…， excuse…for…， forgive…for…， apologize to sb. for…， criticize…for…， scold…for…
(2) 英语中in ＋ n. ＋of结构的短语还有in honor of, in favor of, in need of, in want of, in celebration of等。
A school named “Qianqiu Middle School” has been set up ______ the teacher, Tan Qianqiu, who lost his life in saving the students in the earthquake.
A. in honor of
B. in case of
C. in need of
D. in favor of
A 根据句子的意思可知，“千秋中学”是“为了纪念”在地震中为了保护学生而牺牲的谭千秋老师而建立的。
【3】 be in agreement with…与……符合，和……一致，同意
On this point, I am in complete/entire agreement with you.
在这一点上我完全同意你的意见。
Finally my parents nodded in agreement.
最后我父母点头同意了。
reach/come to/arrive at an agreement on…就……达成协议
keep/break the agreement 遵守约定/毁约
agree that…认为，同意……
We agree that the article is worth reading.
我们认为这篇文章值得一读。
agree to do…同意做……
The boss agreed to raise the workers' pay by 5%.
老板同意给工人涨5%的工资。
agree with sth. 同意，相符，一致
Generally I agree with you, but not everything.
大体上我同意你说的，但并不是每一点都同意。
What he said agreed with the facts.
他说的与事实相符。
agree to a plan/a proposal/the arrangement, etc. 同意
The boss agreed to the terms under the pressure of the workers.
在工人的压力下，老板同意了这些条款。
agree on the time/date/place/price, etc. 在……方面达成一致
This is the point on which I don't agree.
我不同意这一点。
(3) disagree/disagreement为agree/agreement的反义词，意为“不同意”。
I don't think they will agree ______ you ______ this point.
A. with; to
B. to; on
C. with; on
D. on; with
C 根据句子的意思可知，第一空“同意某人(的观点)等”；第二空“在某一点上达成一致”。
【4】 turn out
结果是，证明是，原来是；制造，生产
【注意】该词属于系动词系列，一般没有被动语态，也不用于进行时态。
It turned out that he had never been there.
原来他根本就没去过那里。
The rumor turned out (to be) true.
谣言后来被证明是真的。
turn sth. out 生产，制造；关掉，腾空
turn out well 结果证明不错
turn into 变成
turn to 转向；变成；求助于；致力于
turn inside out 翻出；彻底查看
turn upside down 把……完全颠倒
turn from side to side 翻来覆去
by turns 轮流，交替
It's one's turn to do sth. 轮到某人干某事了
take turns to do sth. 轮流做某事
①The truth ____________________________ than we had expected.
结果，真相比我们预期的更离奇。
②Despite our worries everything ______________.
尽量我们都很担心，结果一切都顺利。
①turned out to be stranger
②turned out well
【1】 on the one hand, …on the other hand…一方面……，另一方面……。常用来陈述相反的两种意见或情况。
On the one hand, some people believe in the existence of the monster. On the other hand, there is still no proof.
一方面，一些人相信有怪物存在，另一方面，又没有证据。
英语中用来表示意见不同或相对时，常用：however, on the contrary, while, as a contrast, whereas等。
①I would like a job which pays more, but ______ I enjoy the work I'm doing at the moment.
A. for another thing
B. in other words
C. however
D. on the other hand
②一方面我想和他一起去看电影，而另一方面我又不得不待在家里照看妹妹。
___________________________________________
①D 这里是两种相对立的情况。A项用于for one thing, …for another (thing)…“其一，……，其二……”，表示递进关系；B项的意思是“换句话说”；而C项不与but连用。
②On the one hand, I would like to go to the cinema with him, but on the other hand, I have to stay at home to look after my sister.
【2】 Not everything that is best for nature is good for people.
并非所有对自然有益的东西都对人类有益。
not all…/all…not…并非所有的都……，构成部分否定句式。
Not all the students will go to the movies tonight.
＝All the students will not go to the movies tonight.
并非所有的学生今晚都去看电影。
此外，not every…/every…not…也是部分否定句型，表示“并非每个都……”。
Not every film directed by Zhang Yimou is interesting.
Every film directed by Zhang Yimou is not interesting.
并非张艺谋导演的每一部电影都有趣。
同时，not both…/both…not…也是部分否定句型，表示“并非两者都……”。
Not both of your answers are right.
Both of your answers are not right.
并非你的两个答案都正确。
如果要表示全部否定，则常用以下句型：none of…， no one/nobody/nothing…，或neither…
①They ______ out as planned, because none of them had any money.
A. didn't eat
B. planned to eat
C. would eat
D. ate
②并非每个女孩都爱漂亮的衣服。
________________________________________________________________________
③我们没有足够的书给每一个人，有些人将共用。
___________________________________________
①A 根据后面的全部否定的句型可知，他们没有人带钱，所以“没有在外面吃饭”。
②Not all the girls like beautiful clothes.
③We haven't enough books for everybody; some of them will have to share.