All of the books are not English books.(或Not all
of the books are English books.)这些书不都是英语书。(部分否定) None of the books are English books.所有的书都不是英语书。(全部否定) 6.other,another,the other,others,the others (1)other作前置定语,表示“另外的”如: We study Chinese,maths,English and other lessons. 我们学习语文、数学、英语和其他课程。 (2)another用于泛指三者以上的不定数目中的“另一个”。用于单数可数名词前。如: I don't want this one.Please give me another. 我不想要这一个,请给我另一个。 注:another也可用于复数名词前,这时名词前常有数词,名词表示的事物被看做一个整体。如: I will stay here for another three weeks. 我将在这里再待三个星期。 (3)the other表示两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”,是特指。如: There are six people in the room.Four are girls,the other two are boys.
房间里有六个人,四个是女孩,其余的两个是男孩。
(4)others作代词,泛指“其他人”或“其他物”。如: Some are singing and dancing,some are drawing,others are climbing the hill. 一些人在唱歌跳舞,一些人在画画,还有一些人在爬山。 (5)the others指整体中除去一部分后,剩余的全部。如: Of the six,one went home,and the others went to the cinema. 六个人中,一个人回家了,其余(五个人)去看电影了。
7.one,ones,the one,the ones,that,those的用法 one用来替代前面出现的单数名词,是泛指概念,相当于a/an+单数名词;ones用来替代前面出现的复数名词,也是泛指概念;the one用来替代前面的特指的单数名词,有时可用that替代(尤其在有后置定语的情况下);the ones用来替代前面的特指的复数名词,有时可用those替代(尤其在有后置定语的情况下);that用来替代前面出现的特指的单数可数名词或特指的不可数名词,相当于the+单数/不可数名词。如: The books on the desk are better than those/the ones(=the books)under the desk. 桌子上的书要比桌子下面的好。 Few pleasures can equal that(=the pleasure)of a cool drink on a hot day. 没有快乐能等同于在炎热的天气里喝上一杯冷饮的那种快乐。
—Why don't we take a little break? 我们为何不稍微休息一下? —Didn't we just have one(=a break)? 我们不是刚休息了吗? 8.与复合不定代词构成的习惯句型 He is nothing but a clerk. 他只是一个职员。 He is anything but a clerk. 他绝不是一名职员。
He is someone/something. 他是一个重要人物/出色的人物。 She is something of a doctor.She has saved many lives.
她可以说是一位出色的医生,她已挽救了很多人的生命。 1.分析句子结构,明确代词it。 it的指代很广,可以指代上文提到的事物或者事情,也可以指代动物、婴儿或者未知的人,还可以指代天气、时间、距离、自然现象、环境等。it还可以用在一些特殊的句型中,这就需要分析句子成分,明确代词it的功能。例如: —He found a baby in his car when he came back from the supermarket.And________was crying for some milk. —When was________? —________was in 2000 when he was still in college. A.it;that;This B.he;this;It C she;it;This
D.it;that;It [解析]句意:——他从超市出来后发现车里有个婴儿,正在哭着要奶吃。——那是什么时候?——是2000年,当时他仍在上大学。第一个空用it指代上面提到的婴儿。第二个空表示上面提到的事情,所以用that或者it替代;第三个空是强调句式结构的省略,应该使用it,完整的强调句是:It was in 2000 when he was still in college that he found a baby in his car. [答案]D 2.理解名词特点,正确使用替代词。 在一个句子中,当一个名词再次出现在句子中时,为了避免重复,往往用替代词来代替它。one替代单数可数名词,表示泛指,相当于“a(an)+单数可数名词”,其复数形式是ones。that替代前面出现的特指的单数可数名词或者不可数名词,相当于“the+单数可数名词/不可数名词”,that后一般有限定成分,其复数形式是those。例如: (2010陕西西安分科质检)—There is still a copy of the book in the library.Will you go and borrow________? —No.I'd rather buy ________in the bookstore. A.it;one
B.one;one C.one;it
D.it;it
[解析]句意:——图书馆还有一本这样的书。你去把它借来好吗?——不,我宁愿到书店里买一本。此处应用it代替a copy of the book;从后文的in the bookstore可知,书店里通常有多本书,其中一本用one来替代,故A项正确。
[答案]A 3.体会数量概念,区分不定代词。 some,any,every常与one,body,thing构成复合不定代词,其基本用法与some,any,every用法相当,在句子中用法非常灵活。表示否定意义的不定代词容易混淆,特别要注意nothing和none的区别。例如:
—Do you have the Harry Potter books by J.K.Rowling in your shop? —Sorry,there is________left at the moment. A.nothing
B.no one C.none
D.not one [解析]none“没人,没有任何东西”,既可指人,也可指物。none后可接of短语,强调数的概念,指具体的人或物,常用来回答how many/much引导的疑问句;no one表示“没有人,谁也不”,只指人,作主语时,谓语动词用单数,常可用来回答who引导的问句;nothing“什么也没有,没什么东西”,只用来指物,并且不能用来指单个的东西,也不能用来指具体的东西,常用来回答what引导的问句,作主语时,谓语用单数。此题中none指not a book。 [答案]C
语法精要三 代词
一、代词归纳 1 人称 代词 主格 I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they 宾格 me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them 2 物主 代词 形容词性 my,your,his,her,its,our,your,their 名词性 mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,yours,theirs 3 指示代词 this,that,these,those,such,some 4 反身代词 myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves 5 相互代词 each other,one another 6 疑问代词 who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever 7 关系代词 that,which,who,whom,whose,as 8 不定代词 one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/a few/a little,other/another,all/both,neither/either 二、代词的用法 1.人称代词 人称代词主要用来指代表示人的名词或名词词组,有人称、数、性别和格的区别,在句中可作主语、宾语或表语。人称代词的宾格可用作非限定动词的主语或者单独出现。如: You will hurt yourselves with these knives. 拿着这些刀子你们会伤着自己的。 It never occurred to me to doubt him.我决不会怀疑他。 —Who is knocking at the door? 谁在敲门? —It's me.是我。 —Who did it?谁啊? —Me.我。 2.物主代词 物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。形容词性物主代词只能和名词连用,对名词起限定作用。名词性物主代词在意思上相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”,在句中起名词作用,作主语、宾语或补语。如: His hat is the brown one. 他的帽子是这个棕色的。 Ours(Our house)is the only house here that is being painted. 我们的(房子)是这儿唯一在粉刷的屋子。 I left my camera at home.You can use hers(her camera). 我的相机忘在家里了。你可以用她的。 3.指示代词 指示代词可在句中作主语、宾语和起限定作用。如: Those present at the meeting included the mayor and mayoress and the local members of parliament. 那些到会的包括市长、市长夫人和地方上的议会人员。 —Shall we buy this book or that one? 我们买这本书还是那本? —I like that one.我喜欢那本。 4.反身代词 反身代词是用后缀self(复数selves)加上第一人称、第二人称的形容词性物主代词,或者加上第三人称代词的宾格形式构成的。可在句中作宾语、表语或同位语,也可由并列连词连接,与另一词并列作主语。如:
Tom and Ann blamed themselves for the accident. Tom和Ann因这场事故而责备他们自己。 Frank is not quite himself today. Frank今天有些不舒服。 She liked the diamond itself but not the setting. 她喜欢这颗钻石本身,而非这个镶嵌底座。 My wife and myself were invited to the party. 我妻子和我被邀请参加这个聚会。 5.相互代词 表示相互关系的代词称为相互代词,只有each other和one another,它们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的。在现代英语中,它们可以替换使用。如: We have known each other since we were children. 我们儿时就彼此熟识。 They looked at one another,in hatred and despair. 他们憎恨和绝望地互相看着对方。 6.疑问代词 疑问代词常用于特殊疑问句中,一般放在句首,并在句中作某一句子成分,可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)。如: Who is going to speak to us tomorrow? 明天谁会来跟我们讲话?
What do you usually have for lunch? 你午饭一般吃什么? What is the matter?Don't you feel well? 怎么了?你感到不舒服吗? Whose umbrella is this? 这是谁的雨伞? Tell me who he is. 告诉我他是谁。 7.关系代词 关系代词是用来引导形容词性从句的,有主格、宾格和所有格,也有人称和非人称之分。如:
He that would eat the fruit must climb the tree. 谁想吃这种水果必须得爬树。 Tom spent four years in college,during which time he learned French. Tom读了四年大学,期间他学习了法语。 The house
whose
windows
are
broken
is unoccupied. 这座窗户坏了的房子没被占用。 8.不定代词 不指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有all,both,each,every等,以及含有some,any,no等的合成代词或名词短语,如anybody,something,no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词或形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语,但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。如: One should learn to think of others. 人们应该学会互相体谅。 He gave every patient the same medicine. 他给予每位病人同样的治疗。 All the students have come. 所有的学生都来了。 三、要点归纳 1.it的用法 (1)指代时间、距离、自然现象等。如: It is half past two now.(指时间) It is 6 miles to the nearest hospital.(指距离) It was very cold in the room.(指温度) (2)指代前面所提到过的事物、群体、想法、性别不明或性别被认为不重要的人或动物、未指明但谈话双方都明白的事情或情况。如: —Who is knocking at the door? —It's me. —I've broken a plate. —It(=Breaking the plate)doesn't matter.(前面所提到过的事情) (3)it可以用作形式主语或形式宾语,而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面,真正的主语或宾语往往由从句、动名词、不定式充当。如: I think it necessary that we have the meeting. 我认为开这个会是有必要的。 It is said that all of them have gone to the cinema. 据说他们都去看电影了。
It is no use trying to persuade him. 劝他没用。 It is wellknown that China has the largest population in the world. 众所周知,中国人口最多。 (4)it用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词,尤其是表示好恶的动词,如:enjoy,like,love,appreciate,dislike,hate,don't mind,be fond of,feel like,see to后,即这些动词后面的宾语从句前要加it。如: I take it that you don't agree with me. 我的理解是:你不同意我的见解。 I hate it when I have to speak in French on the phone. 有时,非得用法语打电话,我感到很讨厌。 2.both,all,either,any,neither,none的用法
如:(1)—When shall we meet again? 咱们什么时候再见面? —Make it any day you like;it's all the same to me. 你喜欢哪天就哪天,对我来说,哪天都无所谓。 都 任何 都不 两者 both either neither 三者或三者以上 all any none (2)—Can you come on Monday or Tuesday? 周一和周二你哪天能来? —I'm afraid neither day is possible. 恐怕(这两天)哪天都不行。 (3)—You're always working.Come on;let's go shopping. 你总是在工作。好了,咱们去购物吧。 —All you ever want to do is going shopping. 你想做的就是购物。 (4)—There's coffee and tea;you can have either. 这里有咖啡,也有茶,你随便用哪一种。 3.none,nothing,nobody(no one)的用法 (1)none既可指人,也可指物,且表示特指概念,常用来回答how many,how much等引导的疑问句;no one只能指人,表泛指概念,常回答who引导的疑问句;nothing只能指物,表泛指概念,常回答what引导的疑问句。如: —How many books do you have? 你有多少本书? —None. 一本也没有。 (2)none=not any+前面提到的名词 nothing=not anything,意为“没有任何东西”。 (3)If I had some money,I would lend him some,but unfortunately,I have none. 如果我有钱的话,我就借给他了,但不幸的是,我也没钱。 (4)none后面可跟of短语,而something/anything/everything/nothing和someone/anyone/everyone/no one却不能。如: As we were asleep,none of us heard the sound. 由于我们在睡觉,因此没人听到那声音。
4.every,each的用法 each强调“个体”,既可作代词又可作形容词,指“两个或两个以上中的每一个”;every强调“全体”,只能作定语,指“三个或三个以上中的每一个”。each作主语时谓语动词用单数形式,作同位语时,谓语动词的数要和主语一致,如: Each of the boys goes to a different school. 这几个男孩各自在不同的学校上学。
Every student has to take the examination.=All the students have to take the examination. 每个学生都必须参加考试。 5.全部否定与部分否定 none,no one,nobody,nothing,neither,not any以及no+名词均表示全部否定;但当not出现在含有表示肯定的不定代词的句子中时,not在其前或其后都表示部分否定。例如: Both of us are not teachers.我们俩不都是老师。(部分否定) Neither of us is a teacher.我们俩都不是老师。(全部否定)