2017届高考英语一轮单元总复习讲义精品荟萃外研版选修八Module 1
知识详解
① adapt v． 使适应；改编，改写
(回归课本P2)Yet Antarctica is full of wildlife，which has adapted to its extreme conditions.
但南极洲仍然栖息着很多野生生物，它们已经适应了那里极其恶劣的条件。
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【归纳总结】
【例句探源】
①Young kids often adapt themselves quickly to a new environment.
小孩子往往很快就能适应新环境。
②Everyone needs to do something to adapt to the social and economical changes.
每个人都要采取措施来适应社会经济的变化。
③Many of Dickens’ books have been adapted as films.
狄更斯的许多书都已改编成电影。
【即境活用】
1．When they moved to Canada，the children ________ the surroundings very well.
A．adapted to
B．adopt to
C．used to
D．attempted to
解析：选A。adapt to适应(新环境等)；adopt 采纳；used to过去常常……；attempt to试图，尝试。根据句意，选择A。
2．完成句子
How do these insects ______________________
______________________________________?
这些昆虫怎样使自己适应新的环境？
答案：adapt themselves to new environments
②balance v．(使)平衡；(使)平稳；权衡，比较
n．平衡，均衡；天平
(回归课本P3)But more than two thousand years ago Greek geographers believed that there was a large land mass in the south which balanced the land in the north.
但是2000多年以前，希腊的地理学家认为地球南边有一块陆地与北边的陆地保持平衡。
【归纳总结】
【例句探源】
①The school aims to balance the amount of time spent on arts and science subjects.
这所学校在时间安排上力争做到文理并重。
②He kept his balance with his arms on top of the wall.
他在墙头上用胳膊保持平衡。
③If humans continue to destroy the forest，they will break the balance of nature.
如果人类继续破坏森林，他们将打破生态平衡。
④Tourists often disturb the delicate balance of nature on the island.
观光客常常破坏岛上微妙的自然生态平衡。
⑤(牛津P135)The programme presented a balanced view of the two sides of the conflict.
节目公平地反映了冲突双方的情况。
【即境活用】
3．The reason for his ________ was illness，but everyone knew he’d gone to a football match.
A．absence B．emergency
C．balance
D．isolation
解析：选A。句意：他称病缺席，但谁都知道他是去看足球比赛了。absence缺席；emergency紧急情况；balance平衡；isolation孤立。由题意可知，A项正确。
4．完成句子
The girl ________________ and fell off the balance beam.
小女孩失去了平衡，从平衡木上摔了下来。
答案：lost her balance
③absence n． 缺乏；没有；缺席
(回归课本P11)Sunrise and sunset come once every six months，and in the winter the total absence of daylight can be tiresome，and for some，depressing.
日出和日落每6个月才有一次，冬季完全不见日光会令人厌倦，对有些人来说令人沮丧。
【归纳总结】
【例句探源】
①Ms.Leighton will be in charge during my absence.
我不在时，由莱顿女士负责。
②I soon noticed his absence from the lecture.
我很快察觉到他缺课了。
③(朗文P6)In the absence of a complete ban on smoking，employers should provide a separate place for smokers.
由于没有完全禁烟，雇主应该为吸烟者提供单独的场所。
④Chen Shuibian was absent from the court because of his bad condition.因为他身体状况不好，陈水扁没有出庭。
【即境活用】
5．In the ________ of evidence，the police could not take action against the man.
A．lack
B．absence
C．shortage
D．failure
解析：选B。考查名词辨析。in the absence of
“缺乏”的意思。句意为“由于缺乏证据，警察无法对这个人采取行动。”
④discourage v． 阻止，制止；使泄气，使灰心，打消……的念头
(回归课本P11)We discourage you from smoking except in specific areas.
除了在特定区域，我们劝你不要吸烟。
【归纳总结】
【例句探源】
①The government will take measures to discourage the use of cars in cities.
政府将采取限制在城市使用汽车的措施。
②(牛津P568)Learners can feel very discouraged if an exercise is too
difficult.
如果练习太难，学习者就可能感到很没信心。
③(牛津P568)His parents tried to discourage him from being an actor.他的父母试图阻止他当演员。
④The unfavorable reviews of his first novel were a great discouragement to him.
他第一本小说所得的不利评论令他极其灰心丧气。
【即境活用】
6．It is _______ that so many young athletes are coming into the team.
A．encouraging B．discouraging
C．encouraged
D．discouraged
解析：选A。句意为“这么多年轻运动员进入到队伍中真鼓舞人心。”
7.All the employees except the manager ________ to work online at home.
A．encourages
B．encourage
C．is encouraged
D．are encouraged
解析：选D。考查动词的一般现在时与语态问题以及主谓一致原则。主语为all the employees,而except the manager为介词短语，不影响主语与谓语关系，即谓语动词应用复数形式，排除A项和C项；又因all the employees与encourage之间为被动关系，故选D项。
⑤promote vt. 促进；增进；晋升，使升级；促销；推销
(回归课本P3)In particular，it aims to keep Antarctica free from nuclear tests and radioactive waste；to promote international scientific projects；and to end arguments about who owns the land.
该条约尤其致力于保护南极洲不受核试验以及放射性废物的污染，推进国际科研项目，并且终止那些关于这片土地所有权的争论。
【归纳总结】
【例句探源】
①The government is committed to promote the development and use of public transport.
政府致力于倡导公共交通的发展和使用。
②They often have a talk to each other to promote understanding.
他们经常相互交谈以增进了解。
③Our English teacher has been promoted to headmaster.
我们的英语老师已被提升为校长了。
④We launched a big advertising campaign to promote our new products.
我们发动了一场声势浩大的广告宣传，旨在推销我们的新产品。
【即境活用】
8．(厦门模拟)The general manager declared that whoever performed well would be ________ to a higher position.
A．evolved
B．promoted
C．dominated
D．allocated
解析：选B。句意为：“总经理宣布谁表现出色认真就会被晋升更高的职位。”
9.The cultural exchanges between the two countries help to ________ the understanding and friendship between the two peoples.
A．increase
B．raise
C．add
D．promote
解析：选D。句意是：两个国家之间的文化交流促进了两个民族之间的理解和友谊。此句要用promote表示“促进”。increase“增加”；raise“提高”；add“添加”。
⑥ stand out 显眼，突出，醒目；杰出
(回归课本P3)Since most Antarctic rocks are dark in colour，they stand out against the white background and are easy to identify and collect.
南极洲的大多数岩石是深色的，它们在白色冰雪的映衬下格外显眼，也就易于识别和搜集。
【归纳总结】
【例句探源】
①Fred was very tall and stood out in the crowd.
高大的弗雷德在人群中特别显眼。
②It stands out a mile what has to be done.
应该做什么再明显不过了。
③I think black lettering will stand out best on a yellow sign.
我认为黄色标志上用黑色字体最醒目。
④(牛津P1962)She couldn’t stand being kept waiting.
叫她等着，她会受不了。
【即境活用】
10．—How can I pick out your car in the parking lot?
—It’s easy.The bright colour of my car makes it ________.
A．turn out B．stick out
C．stand out
D．get out
解析：选C。答句句意为“很容易。我的车的颜色很鲜艳，非常显眼。”所以在停车场很容易找到。
11.Hey，that dress is making you ________ in a crowd so everyone can recognize you.
A．turn out
B．stand out
C．go out
D．break out
解析：选B。考查动词短语。stand out“突出”。句意为“你那身衣服在人群中很显眼，大家都能认出你来。”
⑦in case of 如果；假使；万一
(回归课本P11)Medical assistance is available in case of an emergency.
如有紧急情况会有医疗援助。
【归纳总结】
【例句探源】
①In case of bad weather，the wedding will be held indoors.
万一天气不好，婚礼将在室内举行。
②I have kept a reserve fund in case of accidents.
我已筹备了一笔准备基金以防不测。
③In case she comes back，let me know immediately.
如果她回来了，立刻告诉我。
④In no case should you forget your task.
你决不能忘记自己的任务。
⑤You have finished，haven’t you？In that case，you may have a rest.
你已经完工了，是不是？既然那样，你可以休息一下。
【即境活用】
12．(山东济南三模)—The map will be of help?
—Take it with you ________ you get lost in the forest.
A．so that B．even if
C．as long as
D．in case
解析：选D。句意为“这地图会很有用吗？”
“随身带着，以免在森林里迷路。”in case引导状语从句，表示“万一，以免”的意思。
13.During the war，soldiers had to keep guns with them all the time ________ emergency and danger.
A．because of
B．in any case
C．in case of
D．in spite of
解析：选C。in case of emergency and danger表示目的，意为“以防有危急情况和危险”。
⑧break up 打破；解散；停止；分解
(回归课本P7)But when land came into sight，the Endurance became trapped in the ice and began to break up.
但是当陆地出现在眼前时，“耐力”号却陷入冰层并开始解体。
【归纳总结】
【例句探源】
①Hearing the news，he broke into tears.
一听到这消息他突然哭起来了。
②(牛津P234)The meetings broke up at eleven o’clock.
会议在十一点散会。
③He broke up the fight between the two gangs.
他制止了两伙人打架。
④She broke up the glass in her search for money.
她在找钱时把玻璃打碎了。
⑤The boys will break up for the Christmas vacation next week.
孩子们下周放圣诞假。
【即境活用】
14.—Why did the police ________ the crowd?
—Because the president’s car ________ in the street.
A．break down；broke down
B．break up；broke up
C．break down；broke up
D．break up；broke down
解析：选D。句意是：“——为什么警察把人群驱散？”“——因为总统的车在路上出故障了。”第一个空表示“使……解散”，用break up；第二个空用broke down表示汽车出故障。
15．(江苏启东中学)Since you want to make up with her，you should be the first to ________ the misunderstanding.
A．clear up B．break up
C．take up
D．follow up
解析：选A。A项表示“整理，收拾；消除，解除(误解等)；(天气)放晴”；B项表示“打碎，拆散；分裂，分解；(集会)结束”；C项表示“占(时间、空间)；从事；拿起；继续讲述”；D项表示“跟进，补充，采取后续行动(加强效果)……”，根据语境分析，这里指的是“消除误解”，所以选A。
句型梳理
【教材原句】 Not until the late 18th century did the British explorer James Cook cross the Antarctic Circle，but he never saw land.(P3)
直到18世纪末，英国探险家詹姆斯·库克才穿越了南极圈，但他却从未发现任何陆地。
【句法分析】 该句是一个倒装句，其相当于:
The British explorer James Cook didn’t cross the Antarctic Circle until the late 18th century，but he never saw land.
1)not until...did＋主语 直到……才……
...until... 直到……的时候
not...until... 直到……才……
①Not until midnight did he go to bed.
＝He didn’t go to bed until midnight.
＝It wasn’t until midnight that he went to bed.
直到半夜(以后)他才上床睡觉。
2)在句型“主句＋until/till＋时间状语从句或状语”中，尤其应注意以下几点：
(1)主句中动词是非延续性动词，如leave，graduate，break等时，必须用否定形式。
(2)主句中动词是延续性动词，肯定、否定形式都可以，但意义完全不同。肯定句表示动作或状态的结束，否定句表示动作或状态的开始。
②You are to stay here until/till your mother comes back.
你要呆到你妈妈回来。
③Until then，I knew nothing at all about it.
直到那时，我对那件事还一无所知。
④Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.
直到河里的鱼都死了，村民们才意识到污染的严重性。
⑤It was not until today that it was made publicly.
那件事直到今天才被公布出来。
【即境活用】
16．(江苏四市联考)—How much do you know about the 3D film technology?
—A little.Not until ________ the hot movie Avatar ________ some about it.
A．did I see；did I begin to learn
B．I saw；I began to learn
C．I saw；did I begin to learn
D．did I see；I began to learn
解析：选C。答句句意为“一点点。直到我上次看到热播电影阿凡达，我才对3D电影有所了解。”not until引导的状语从句位于句首，主句使用倒装语序。
17.(福建永安一中)Not until it was dark ________，which made his mother worried.
A．he showed offB．that he showed up
C．did he show up
D．had he showed up
解析：选C。句意为：直到天黑了他才回来，这使得他妈妈很担心。not until从句位于句首，主句要用部分倒装，且由句意知，设空处应用一般过去时，故选C。本句还可转化为：He didn’t show up until it was dark.。
18.It is not until ________ the things ________ we used to have ________ we learn to cherish.
A．do we lose；/; that
B．we lose；that；that
C．we do lose；what；what
D．do we lose；what；that
解析：选B。这是it is not until...引导的强调句，第二个是定语从句，that是the things的引导词，第三个空引导一个强调句型，须用that。句意：直到我们失去了我们曾经拥有的东西，我们才学会珍惜。