2014届高考英语语法讲解复习教案24

　　2014高考英语宏志优化设计系列语法：牛津译林版专题1（定语从句讲解）

　　语法专题一　定语从句

　　定语从句在句中作定语，修饰名词或代词。被修饰的名词或者代词被称为先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词被称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词，它们在先行词和定语从句之间起引导作用，在意义上代替先行词，在定语从句中充当一个成分。其基本解题方法是：第一，找出先行词；第二，看先行词在定语从句中充当的成分，作主语、宾语、表语或定语时要用关系代词，如果作状语，则要选用关系副词；第三，看先行词是否为特殊词，然后根据需要选用合适的关系词。

　　考点一　关系代词与关系副词的区别

　　关系代词有who，whom，which，that和whose，另外，as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有when，where和why，在定语从句中充当状语。1．who指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。

　　The boys who are playing football are from Class One.

　　2．whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略。

　　Mr Liu is the person（whom）you talked about just now.

　　3．which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。

　　The book which he gave me is very interesting.

　　4．that 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。

　　She is the pop star（that）I want to see very much.

　　5．whose可指人或物，修饰名词或代词，在定语从句中充当定语。“whose＋名词”可改为“the＋名词＋of which/whom”或“of which/whom the＋名词”。

　　The house whose windows are very large is my uncle's.＝The house of which the windows are very large is my uncle's.

　　6．as可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。

　　1）引导限制性定语从句，先行词前常有as，the same，so，such修饰，且在从句中作主语、宾语或表语时，关系代词要用as。

　　It was so difficult a problem as nobody in my class could work out.（作work out的宾语）

　　注意：so/such...that结构中，that引导结果状语从句，只起连接作用，不充当从句的任何成分。

　　It was so difficult a problem that nobody in my class could work it out.（work out 已经有宾语，that只起连接作用）

　　②This is the same village where we spent our childhood.（先行词作从句中的地点状语，故要用关系副词where；as仅在句子缺少关系代词时使用。）

　　2）as可以引导非限制性定语从句，代指整个主句的内容，从句中常用的谓语动词为see，say，hear，expect，know，report等，常译为“正如，正像”，其引导的从句可以放在主句前面也可以放在主句后面。

　　As we all know，Taiwan belongs to China.

　　Avatar is a very successful film，as is known to us all.

　　7．when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词time，day，week，year，month等。常用on which，in which，at which，during which等代替。

　　I still remember the day when（on which）we first met.

　　8．where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词。可以用“介词＋关系代词”代替。

　　The house where（in which）he lives is near the river.

　　9．why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。可用for which来替代。why不可引导非限制性定语从句。

　　Tell me the reason why（for which）you came late.方法技巧： 用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。

　　考点二　关系代词必须用that的情况

　　1．当先行词是everything，anything，nothing，something，all，none，few，little，some等不定代词时，或当先行词被every，any，all，some，no，little，few，much等不定代词修饰时。

　　We should do all that is useful to the people.

　　2．先行词被the only，the very，the same，the last等词修饰时。

　　This is the last place that I want to visit.

　　3．先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。

　　This is the best novel that I have ever read.

　　4．先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。

　　This is the second time that you told us the story.

　　5．当先行词同时含有人和物时。

　　We talked about the things and persons that we were interested in.

　　6．以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中，含有定语从句，为避免重复时。

　　Who is the man that is standing under the tree?

　　注意：Qingdao is the most beautiful city where I have ever worked.（即使有最高级修饰先行词city，但从句中work为不及物动词，先行词只作其地点状语，故要用关系副词）因此牢记，前面所述几种情况已有前提：需要用关系代词时，遇到这几种情况才选用that。

　　考点三　关系代词不能用that的情况

　　1．在“介词＋关系代词”的结构中，关系代词只能用指物的which和指人的whom。

　　This is the train by which we went to Beijing.

　　2．在非限制性定语从句（即通常用逗号与主句隔开，若去掉整个句子仍能表达完整意义的定语从句）中。

　　Football，which is a very interesting game，is played all over the world.

　　3．指人时，当先行词为everybody，anybody，everyone，anyone等时，关系代词要用who，不用that。

　　Is there anyone who can answer this question?

　　4．先行词本身是指示代词that或those时，关系代词应用which。

　　What's that which she is looking at?

　　考点四　as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别

　　1．位置不同。which 引导的定语从句只置于所限制的 句子后；as引导的定语从句位置较灵活，也就是说as从句可置于所限制的句子前面、插在句子中或放在句子后。

　　Mike，as you know，is an honest man./Mike is an honest man，as you know./As you know，Mike is an honest man.

　　2．先行词不同。as引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词多为一个句子；which引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词可以是一个词、一个短语或一个句子。

　　As we all know，he is very proud.（先行词为一个句子）

　　He was proud，which his brother never was.（先行词是一个词）

　　3．意义不同。as一般译为“正如，就像”；which一般译为 “这一点，这件事”。John，as you know，is my best friend.

　　正如你所知，约翰是我最好的朋友。

　　He has been to Paris more than ten times，which I don't believe.

　　他已去过巴黎十多次了，这一点我不相信。4．关系不同。当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。

　　Tom was late for school，which made his teacher very angry.

　　考点五　“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句

　　1．在“介词＋关系代词”结构中，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose。

　　The person to whom you'll write is Mr Ball.

　　The old man was talking with Mr Smith，in whose hospital I was operated on.

　　2．“介词＋关系代词”前可有some，any，none，both，all，neither，most，each，few等代词及名词、数词等。

　　He has two sons，both of whom were killed in the war.

　　I live in a house，the window of which faces the south.

　　3．“介词＋关系代词＋to do”为省略形式，可以转化为“介词＋关系代词＋句子”的形式。

　　The poor man had no house in which to live.＝The poor man had no house in which he could live.

　　4．“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的选择可根据定语从句中谓语动词和介词的习惯搭配、先行词和介词的习惯搭配来确定，有时也需要结合句意。

　　In the street there wasn't any person to whom she could turn for help.

　　The boss in whose company my father worked is a very kind person.

　　5．from where 虽为“介词＋关系副词”结构，但也可引导定语从句，where往往指代前面的表示具体位置的介词短语。

　　He stood on top of the hill，from where he could see the whole village.（where指代on top of the hill，指的是“从山顶那个地方看”，而不是指“山”）

　　考点六　定语从句与其他句型的区别

　　1．定语从句与同位语从句的区别。二者都跟在名词后面，区别是：定语从句修饰先行词，是对其进行修饰限定；同位语从句则是对前面名词的解释说明，是其内容。同位语从句前的名词常为抽象名词，如：idea，fact，truth，evidence，news，thought等。同位语从句主要由that引导，在从句中不作成分，有时也可以由when，where，how，why，whether，what等词引导，在从句中充当成分。

　　The news that our team won made us excited.（“our team won”是news的内容，that不充当从句的成分，为同位语从句。可理解为：The news was that our team won.）

　　The news that he told me was exciting.（he told me 缺少一个直接宾语，由that充当，故为定语从句。不能将其理解为：The news was that he told me.）

　　2．定语从句与并列句和简单句的区别。区别的关键是看标点和连词。

　　Our class has sixty students，most of whom study hard.（逗号后为另一句子，两个句子之间要用连接词whom，此为定语从句）

　　Our class has sixty students， and most of them study hard.（逗号后为另一句子，且已经有并列连词and，故用them即可，此为并列句）

　　Our class has sixty students.Most of them study hard.（此处为句号，代表两个独立的简单句，故不需要连词）

　　3．定语从句与状语从句的区别。定语从句前面必有先行词，而时间状语从句和地点状语从句则是作整个句子的状语，前面没有先行词。

　　Do you know the time when he will come back？（定语从句，前面有先行词time）

　　I will go shopping when he comes back.（时间状语从句，表示主句动作发生的时间，前面没有先行词）

　　Put the book where it belongs.（地点状语从句，指的是“放书”的地点，前面无先行词，因此不能用in which）

　　Put the book in the place where it belongs.（定语从句，前面有先行词place）

　　4．定语从句与强调句的区别。当it is /was后出现表示地点或是时间的名词时，其后所接从句是定语从句还是强调结构，要看将it is/was和that（可以先假设）去掉之后句式是否完整（不缺少成分），完整则为强调句。

　　It was Sunday when he came back.（定语从句）

　　It was on Sunday that he came back.（强调句式，强调的是时间状语on Sunday，去掉It was和that后句式完整）考点七　几种特殊情况

　　1．当先行词为way，意为“方法、方式”，且在定语从句中作主语、宾语时，可用关系代词which或that；作状语时，要用in which 或that或不填任何关系词。

　　The way（that/in which）he finished the task successfully was difficult to understand.（作状语）

　　The way that/which he explained to me was not difficult to understand.（作宾语）

　　2．当先行词为case，stage， position，point，situation等表示抽象地点的名词，且在定语从句中作状语时，要用where 来引导，occasion表时间时，用when引导定语从句；表地点，译为“场合”时，用where引导定语从句。

　　We'll see a case where soft music can help to cure people.

　　3．当先行词为time时，若表示“一段时间”，后面定语从句用when引导，也可用at/during which；若表示“次数”，后面定语从句用that引导，that可以省略。

　　This is the second time（that）the President has visited our country.

　　There was a time when we had no TV sets.