(4)作定语如果是单词，一般放在被修饰词的前面；如果是短语，则放在被修饰词的后面，作后置定语。 John is an attacking boxer. 约翰是一个攻击型的拳击手。 (5)v.ing形式作宾语补足语的句子变为被动语态时， v.ing形式就变成了主语补足语。 She was heard singing all the time. 人们听到她一直在唱。 (6)作状语，表示时间，原因，条件，结果，让步，方式。 Crossing the road, he was run over by a car. 他在穿过马路时，被一辆轿车从身上碾过。 Being sick I went to see a doctor. 我因病去看医生。 Thinking hard, you will find a good way. 仔细想想，你就会找到一个好办法。 Knowing all this, they asked us to finish the task in ten days. 他们尽管了解这一切，还是要我们在10天之内完成任务。 He sat in the armchair, reading the newspaper. 他坐在扶手椅上读报纸。 2．v.ing形式的时态与语态。 (1)一般式所表示的动作可与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。 A big job should be done in popularizing education. 普及教育应该花大力气。 (2)完成式所表示的动作皆发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。 We all got angry for having been cheated by the company. 被那家公司欺骗， 我们都很气愤。 (3)一般式和完成式都可用于被动式。 Jack objects to being kept waiting. 杰克反对让他等着。 I can't forgive myself for having been attacked by surprise. 遭到突然袭击，我不能原谅自己。 (4)在句中虽为主动形式，却含有被动意义，这样的词有need, want, require, be worth。 The bike needs repairing. 自行车需要修理。 1．只接v.ing形式作宾语的动词或短语： can't help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to等。 2．既可以接不定式，又可以接v.ing形式的有： (1)意义基本相同。begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为) (2)意义相反。stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事； stop doing 停止正在做的事 (3)意义不同。 remember/forget/regret to do(指动作尚未发生); remember/forget/regret doing(指动作已经发生) go on to do(接着做另外一件事);
go on doing(接着做同一件事) try to do(设法，努力去做，尽力)； try doing(试试去做，看有何结果) mean to do(打算做，企图做)； mean doing (意思是，意味着) can't help to do(不能帮忙做)； can't help doing(忍不住要做) 3．不定式与v.ing形式用法比较 (1)v.ing形式着重进程；不定式着重结果。 He has been trying to solve the problem. 他一直在设法解决这一问题。 Your work needs correcting. 你写的东西需要修改。 (2)v.ing形式表示一般或抽象的多次性行为；而不定式则往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。 To play with fire will be dangerous. 玩火会发生危险。 Walking for an hour at a street is more exhausting than you seem to think. 在街上行走一小时似乎会比你想象的要累。 (3)有的动词其后接v.ing形式表示已完成的动作；不定式则表示未完成的动作。 I remember closing the window. 我记得把窗户关上了。 Remember to close the window. 记着要关窗户。 (4)v.ing形式的逻辑主语可能泛指“人们”；而不定式的逻辑主语则常常是句子中的名词或代词。 I hate working on Sundays. 我讨厌星期日上班。 I hate to smoke. 我讨厌抽烟。 4．注意某些短语中的to不是不定式符号，而是介词，后面应该接v.ing形式(请参阅介词讲解部分)。 1. — Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, ________ to go to university.
— So do I.
A. hope
B. hopes
C. hoping
D. hoped
B 此题应选B，句子的真正主语是 each of the students，空格处填的 hopes 是句子谓语，其中的 working hard at his or her lessons 是插入成分修饰主语。 2. The husband advised ________ to the south, but his wife advised him ________ up the idea.
A. moving; giving
B. to move; to give
C. moving; to give
D. to move; giving C 此题容易误选A，因为许多学生都记住了“advise 后接动词要用动名词而不用不定式”这一搭配规则。但此“规则”的表述是不准确的，准确的说法应该是：advise 后接动词作宾语时，要用动名词，不用不定式；但若其后接的动词前有宾语，此动词用作宾语补足语时，则此动词要用不定式。即说 advise doing sth.(建议做某事)或 advise sb. to do sth.(建议某人做某事)。类似情况的还有 allow(允许)，permit(允许)，forbid(禁止)等动词，即：allow doing sth. 允许做某事；
allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事； permit doing sth. 允许做某事，permit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事； forbid doing sth. 禁止做某事； forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事。顺便说一句，要特别注意以上各句型后一结构的被动语态形式，如：We don't allow smoking in the lab. 我们不准在实验室吸烟。We don't allow people to smoke in the lab. 我们不准人们在实验室吸烟。People are not allowed to smoke in the lab. 人们不准在实验室吸烟。综上所述，此题答案应选C。 5、 hide from one's responsibility 躲避某人的责任
take responsibility for…承担对……的责任 responsibility to sb. 中sb.是给你职位或职责的人 responsibility for sb. / sth. 是指sb./sth. 为你要管理或服务的对象 responsible adj. 应承担责任的 be responsible for… 对……负责 response n. & v. 回应，反应 ◆Children should be taught to take their responsibilities to the society, not hide from them.
应该教育孩子去承担他们对社会的责任，而不是逃避责任。 ◆I'm responsible for the children and this is my responsibility to their parents.
我的责任是管好这些孩子，我要对他们的父母负责。 ◆Who will be responsible for the accident?
谁将对此事故负责？ He feels as if he alone ______ what had happened.
A. is responsible to
B. should be responsible to
C. be responsible for
D. were responsible for D as if后的从句可用虚拟语气，与现在事实相反时，be动词用were形式。 6、 be absorbed in (doing)…
沉浸于 / 专注于做……中 ◆My parents are absorbed in making preparations for my journey to the west.
我父母正忙于为我去西部做准备。
absorb v. 吸收，使全神贯注 ◆The clever boy absorbed all the knowledge his teacher could give him.
这个聪明的男孩吸收了老师能教给他的所有知识。 表示“沉浸于”、“全神贯注于”、“沉迷于”等意思的短语还有：be concentrated on, be focused on, be engaged in, be addicted to(有贬义)等。 ◆All our attention is concentrated on environmental preservation.
我们所有的注意力都在环保上。 ◆They were engaged in conversation.
他们正谈得来劲。 ◆Some of the young people are now addicted to playing computer games.
现在有些年轻人沉迷于玩电脑游戏。 ______ in surfing the Internet to get information about the event, Mr. Smith didn't even know somebody was stealing something in his room.
A. Absorbing
B. To be absorbed
C. Absorbed
D. Being absorbed C 过去分词用作形容词在句中充当状语。完整表达为Because he was absorbed in… 1、Then we will open the floor for discussion.
之后我们将展开自由讨论。 句中the floor为“发言权”，open the floor 进行 / 开始自由发言。 ◆After an hour's formal debate, the chair opened the floor and made a final discussion.
经过一个小时的正式辩论之后，主席发了言并作出了最终的裁决。
have the floor 有发言权 take the floor 站起来发言 floor的词义还有：全体与会者，议员席 ◆After they had each said a few words, Professor White took the floor.
他们各自说了几句话后，怀特教授开始发言。 ◆Are there any views or points on the floor?
会场上有无任何要求或建议？ 2、 First I am talking to you today about the way vast areas of the world are damaged by chemical waste. 首先我今天跟大家谈谈世界上大片区域是怎样受化学污染而被破坏的。 the way (that/in which)… ……的方法 通常先行词the way 在从句中充当方式状语的时候，其后定语从句的关系词用that / in which，也可以省略。 ◆The way (that / in which) they solved the problem was amazing.
他们解决这个问题的方法很奇妙。 另外，“做……的方法”还可用the way to do… / the way of doing… the first / second / last time等充当先行词，在从句中充当状语时，定语从句的关系词选用that，而且也可以省略。 ◆The first time (that) I saw you, you were playing basketball.
我第一回见到你时，你正在打篮球。
D 该题中的先行词the way在定语从句中充当的是宾语而非状语。 They were used to the way ______ Mr. Smith told them to solve these problems.
A. of that
B. in which
C. how
D. which 3、The world's population has grown by six times what it was in 1800. 目前的世界人口与1800年相比已经增长到当时的6倍。 population n. 人口，人口数；人，居民(集合名词) population 表示“人口”时是不可数名词；表示“(某一地区的)全体居民”时是可数名词。 ◆The population of China is much larger than that of Japan.
中国人口比日本人口多得多。 ◆About 30 percent of the population in the village have been struck by the illness.
整个村庄约30%的人口受到这种病的侵袭。 (1) 表示“人口多/少”： a large / small population； 问一个地方的人口数：What is the population of… 表示一个地方拥有多少人口：has / with a population of… (2) 复习表示“增长”、“减少”的一些表达方式： 表示增长到：grow to, increase to, rise to, climb to； 表示以……(程度 / 比例 / 比率)增长：grow / increase / rise / climb by… 表示减少到：fall / drop / decrease to… 表示以……(程度 / 比例 / 比率)减少：fall / drop / decrease by… ①C 第一空表示“人口少”，用small；第二空用复数谓语，是因为主语population在这里表示“村民”、“居民”。 ①This is a beautiful village with a ______ population of 300, and only 15% of them ______ to develop the village into a tourist resort.
A. little; agrees
B. little; agree
C. small; agree
D. small; agrees ②B 根据后面的百分比可知用介词by, 又根据其前面的amazing及全句的意思可知是“增长”了60%。 ②It is quite amazing that the income of the people in the city has ______ 60% in the last two years.
A. increased
B. risen by
C. decreased by
D. grown to 1. C 这里表示“种类繁多”，应用range。 1. This restaurant has become popular for its wide ______ of foods that suit all tastes and pockets.(2010·湖北)
A. division
B. area
C. range
D. circle 2. C a second chance 又一机会；make a first impression此处表示泛指。 2. First impressions are the most lasting. After all, you never get ______ second chance to make ______ first impression.(2010·北京)
A. a; the
B. the; the
C. a; a
D. the; a 如何写好名词性从句
掌握了写好简单句的基础学习，要写好名词性从句就很容易了。什么样的名词性从句就应该置于什么位置。但是使用名词性从句主要应注意其引导词的用法与区别、何时用it作形式主语或形式宾语来代替真正的主语从句或宾语从句等。 (1) He told a lie to everyone. It is wrong. (合并成一个复合句) That he told a lie to everyone is wrong. (2) That he told a lie to everyone is wrong. I think…(合并成复合句) I think that he told a lie to everyone is wrong. ① 若宾语从句后还有补足语，要用 it作形式宾语，而把宾语从句放在句尾。 根据英语语言表达方式，如果主语从句或宾语从句太长，可用it作形式主语或形式宾语，真正主语和宾语置于后面，则得出该句最标准的语言表达句式： I think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone. (3)Something was going on in the art. They were interested in it.(合并成一个复合句) 两句合并成一个句子，首先语义上要符合逻辑，这样可以确定主从句；再根据语法结构及连词的用法表述句子，得出该句为：They were interested in what was going
on
in
the
art. (宾语从句)或为：They were interested in something
that
was going on in the art. (that…为定语从句，something that ＝ what)
翻译下列句子 1. 我猜想你对政治不感兴趣。
________________________________________________________________________ 2. 我不知道李甜甜是否能按时到这里。
________________________________________________________________________ 3. 为了更好地掌握我们所学的，我们应该被给予更多的机会来运用它。
________________________________________________________________________ 4. 你要哪一个就挑选哪一个。
________________________________________________________________________ 5. 这位教授给我们提出了一些如何学好英语的建议。
________________________________________________________________________ 6. 今天的中国不再是50年前的中国。
________________________________________________________________________ 7. 问题是我们什么时候完成这项工程。 ________________________________________________________________________ 8. 这就是古泗州城所处的位置。 ________________________________________________________________________ 9. 这位画家是什么地方人我们都不知道。 ________________________________________________________________________ 10. 我们什么时候开运动会还是个问题。 _______________________________________________ 1. I imagine that you're not interested in politics.
2. I don't know whether Li Tiantian will be here on time.
3. We should be given more opportunities to use what we've learned in order to have a better grasp of it.
4. You may choose whichever you want.
5. The professor gave us some advice on how we could learn English well.
6. China of today is no longer what it was fifty years ago.
7. The question is when we'll complete the works. 8. This was where the Old Sizhou Town lay. 9. Where the painter is from is unknown to us all. 10. It is still a question when we'll have our sports meet. v.ing形式 v.ing形式由动词原形加词尾ing构成。有一般时和完成时，及物动词的有主动态和被动态，不及物动词的只有主动态。 主动语态 被动语态 一般时 doing being done 完成时 having done having been done 1．v.ing形式的句法功能： (1)用作主语或在形式主语结构中用作真正主语。 Seeing is believing.眼见为实。 (2)用作表语。 The situation is encouraging. 形势令人鼓舞。 (3)用作动词宾语，可用于复合宾语结构。 You seem to take giving up pretty easily. 你似乎很轻易就放弃了。 Unit2
The
environment 1、 range n. ①[C](常用单数)(变动或浮动的)范围，界限，区域 beyond/outside the range of超出了……的范围 in the range of在……范围内 ②[C](常用单数)种类；一系列 a wide/full/great/diverse range of一系列；各种 ③ 视觉或听觉范围 in/within range(of sth.)在可及的范围内，在视觉/听觉 范围内 out of range(of sth.)在视觉/听觉范围之外 1、 range ◆The price range is from $100 to $500.
价格从100美元到500美元不等。 ◆This type of work is outside/beyond/out of my range(of experience)．
这种工作我(没经验)做不了。 1、 range vi. (在一定范围内)变化，变动 range from A to B/range between A and B vt.(按一定位置或顺序)排列，排序 range sb./sth.＋adv./prep.(常用被动语态)＝sb./sth.be
ranged＋adv./prep. ◆Their ages range from 25 to 50. 他们的年龄范围从25岁到50岁。 ①It is beyond of my ability.
这超出了我的能力范围。 ②There will be an increase 0 to 3 percent.
将会有0到3个百分点的增长幅度。 ③Accommodation tourist class luxury hotels.
住宿条件从经济旅馆至豪华宾馆不等。 ①the range ②in the range of ③ranges from; to 2、 debate vi. & n. 辩论，争论，考虑 作及物动词时，后可接名词、代词、动名词，以及whether, where等引导的不定式或从句，不接that引导的名词性从句。 ◆He was debating whether to go for a walk or to visit a friend. 他在考虑去散步还是去访友。 作不及物动词和名词 [C，U]时，常和on, about, over等介词连用。 ◆We have been debating about current affairs.
我们最近正在就时事问题进行辩论。 ◆A fierce debate on the tax cut was going on.
一场围绕着减税的讨论正在激烈进行中。 ◆Their findings have failed to stop the debate over how best to treat the disease.
他们的发现并没有阻止有关该病症最佳治疗方案的争论。
debater n. 参加讨论者，争论者
debatable adj. 有争议的 argue, debate, discuss, quarrel都含有“争论”之意，它们之间的区别在于： argue 指一方坚持自己的意见、立场和观点，通过争论企图说服对方(argue with sb. about/over sth.)； debate 多指公开的、在正式场合举行的辩论或严肃的争论，双方各自陈述理由，交锋、往返的意味较强；
discuss 指为了解决问题或弄清对方的观点而进行的讨论、磋商；
quarrel 争吵、争论，含与人发生口角的意思。
①They ______ about the plan for half an hour at the meeting and didn't reach an agreement in the end.
A. debated
B. debate
C. settled
D. settle ①A
②She ______ that she should go.
A. discussed
B. argued
C. debated
D. voiced ②B 3、 decrease vt. & vi. 减少 n. 减少， 减少量 ◆People should decrease the mount of the fat they eat.
人们应该减少脂肪的摄入。
decrease to＋数字 减少到…… decrease by＋数字 减少了…… decrease in/of sth. 减少……的量 grow to/increase to/rise to/climb to＋数字 增加到…… grow by/increase by/rise by＋数字 净增了…… 4、 impress vt. 给……留下印象 be impressed with/by 对……印象深刻 impress sth.on / upon sb.＝ impress on / upon sb.
sth.
使某人对某物印象深，使某人铭记某物 ◆We're very impressed with the excellence of the
children's works. 这些儿童作品水平之高，给我们留下了深刻印象。 ◆I am deeply impressed with her talent for music. ＝Her talent for music impresses me deeply.
她的音乐天赋给我留下很深的印象。 ◆My father impressed on me the value of hard work.
我父亲让我明白了努力工作的重要性。 ◆She impressed me as a scholar.
她给我留下了学者的印象。
impressive adj. 给人印象深的 impression n. 印象 leave / make a deep impression on… 给……留下深刻印象
The scenery here is ______ and all the visitors are deeply ______.
A. impressive; impress
B. impressed; impressionists
C. impression; impressionists
D. impressive; impressed D 第一空是说风景“给人印象深刻的”；第二空的意思是“对……印象深刻”。 1、 pick out ◆She was picked out from hundreds of applicants for the job.
她从数百个工作申请者中被挑出来了。 ◆He picked out his sister from the crowd.
他从人群中认出了他的妹妹。
pick up ①拾起，捡起 ②无意中学会 ③收听，接收 ④恢复健康，恢复体力 ⑤去接 ◆She picked up all the pieces on the floor when she left the classroom.
当她离开教室时，她把地上所有的碎片都捡了起来。 ◆She soon picked up some French when she went to live in France. 她到法国居住后很快就学会了一些法语。 ◆My radio can pick up the BBC programs very clearly.
我的收音机能非常清晰地收听到英国广播公司国
际 广播节目。 ◆He soon picked up after a few days' rest.
他休息了几天，身体很快复原了。 ◆I'll drive to the airport to pick you up at 8 o'clock.
我会在8点开车去机场接你。 Kathy ______ a lot of Spanish by playing with native boys and girls.
A. picked up
B. pick out
C. made up
D. turned out A 考查动词短语词义辨析。依据句意排除。pick up 偶然间学会；pick out 挑出； make up 组成，构成；turn out 原来是。 2、cut back on 削减，缩减，相当于cut down on。
◆Try to cut back on foods containing too much fat and sugar.
要尽量少吃脂肪和糖分含量过高的食品。
cut across 走捷径 cut away 切除，剪掉 cut in 插嘴，干预 cut off 切断，停掉 cut down 削减，砍倒 cut up 切碎 cut out 裁剪出；切掉 cut short 使停止，中断 3、see…as… “将……视为”，其被动形式的短语形式为：be seen as… ◆After his first novel was published, he was seen as one of the most outstanding new authors of his generation.
在他的第一部小说出版后不久，他就被视为他这一代最杰出的新秀作家之一。 ◆Seen as one of the best sellers, the book will be published for a third time.
被看做是畅销书之一的这本书将第三次印刷。 常见的表示“把……当成 / 看成……”的短语有： regard…as…； consider… as / to be…； view…as…； think of…as…； take … for… (把……错当成……); recognize…as…等。 4、under way 在进行中， 发生； 在航行中 ◆Preparations are well under way.
准备工作正在进行中。 in the same way 用同样的方式 in different ways 用不同的方法 in this way 这样
in no way 决不 in the way 挡道；妨碍 out of the way 不挡道 in a way 在某种程度上 on the way 在路上；即将发生 by the way 顺便说/问一下 by way of 经由；经过 all the way自始至终；一直 any way不管怎样；无论如何 — I think he is taking an active part in social work. — I agree with you ______.
A. in a way
B. on the way
C. by the way
D. in the way A 根据以上所述，应该选择最佳答案A。