3. C 短语辨析。in search of 寻找； in place of 代替； for lack of 因缺乏； for fear of 生怕，以免。句子的完整意思应该是：大城市建起越来越多的高楼大厦，因为缺乏空间。 3. More and more highrise buildings have been built in big cities ________ space.(2010·福建)
A. in search of
B. in place of
C. for lack of
D. for fear of 非限制性定语从句
在英文中，有两种定语从句：限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体、更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整。非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，只是对其作一些附加说明，不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去，主句的意义仍然完整。 1．限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切，所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。 Do you remember the girl who taught us English? 你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗？ We walked down the village street, where villagers were having market day. 我们沿着村里的大街向前走去，村民们正在那里赶集。 2．大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语，而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句，此时非限制性定语从句常由 which 引导。 A middleaged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much. 一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫，这令我十分恐惧。 A fiveyearold boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present. 一个5岁男孩会讲两门外语，这令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。 3．使用非限制性定语从句时，如果先行词指人，则用who或whose引导非限制性定语从句；先行词指物可用which引导非限制性定语从句；先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时，可用 when, where 引导非限制性定语从句。 He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, which pleased her a lot. 他送给他母亲一台彩电作为生日礼物，这使她非常高兴。 Last Sunday they reached Nanjing, where a conference was to be held. 他们上周日到达南京，有个会议要在那里举行。 4．关系代词 whom 在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who代替whom，但whom在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who来代替。在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时可用that代替who/whom，但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时，不可用that代替who/whom。 This is the girl whom/who I met in the street. 这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。 A young man had a new girlfriend, whom he wanted to impress.一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友，他想给她留下深刻的印象。 He has a sister, who is a teacher.他有一个姐姐，是教师。 5．关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去，非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省。 This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday. 这就是他昨天丢的那本书。 The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found. 他昨天丢了这本书，但现在已找到了。 6．在非限定性定语从句中，当关系词表示事物意义时， 只能用which。 The sun heats the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow. 太阳给予大地热量，这就使植物的生长成为可能。 The most important form of energy is electrical energy, which is widely used in our daily life. 最重要的能源形式是电能，它广泛地运用于我们的日常生活之中。 7．as与which在非限制性定语从句中的区别。 (1)as在从句中通常作主语代指整个主句，表示的意思是“正如、正像”，其引导的定语从句既可以放在主句之前也可以放在主句之后。
The Pacific is the largest ocean, as we all know.
太平洋是最大的洋，这一点我们都知道。
As we expect, we won the game. 我们赢了，这一点在我们预料之中。
As is known to all, he is the best student in our class.
众所周知，他是我们班上最好的学生。 (2)which是关系代词，在从句中作主语或宾语，代指人或物。当代指整个主句时表示的意思是主句和从句之间是因果关系，即“因为、所以”。其引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。
The road was too slippery, which caused lots of accidents.
路太滑了，以至于引起了很多事故。
He was angry, which made him cry.
他太生气了以至于他哭了起来。
1．关系词作主语时，从句中谓语的数。 2．注意区别定语从句与强调句。 (1)定语从句中关系词作从句成分，复合句。 (2)强调it无意义，that / who不是引导词。 (3)去掉it is / was和that / who后如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。 It is the museum that / which we visited last year.(定语从句) It was in the hotel that we stayed last night.(强调句) 3．定语从句与同位语从句的区别。 (1)定语从句引导词被称为关系词，that充当主语、宾语、表语。有时可省略。 (2)同位语从句的引导词被叫做连词，that不能充当任何成分，不可省。 Word came that their army was defeated.(同位语) We expressed to them our wish that was the same as their.(定语) 4．关系词在从句中省略的情况。 (1)关系词作宾语，前无介词时。 (2)关系词作表语。 5．关系词前有介词或复杂介词，关系词只能是which和whom。 6．几个特殊的定语从句句型： (1) He is the only one of the students who has got very good marks in the match.(句中one为先行词) He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.(句中students为先行词) (2) Is this place the one (that) we visited yesterday? Is this the place(that / which)we visited yesterday?
(3)He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening. (4)It may rain, in which case the match will be put off. 1. Mr. Smith has bought a little house in the country, around ________ some green trees.
A. which is
B. it is
C. which are
D. them are
C 此题容易误选A或B，将A、B中的 which 和 it 误认为是其后句子的主语。其实，此题的最佳答案为C，around which are some green trees 是一个由“介词＋which”引出的非限制性定语从句，而在该从句中，主语是 some green trees，around which 是表语，所以句子谓语应用are，而不是 is。 2. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ________， of course, made the others unhappy.
A. who
B. which
C. this
D. what
B 许多学生认为此题句子结构比较混乱，逗号太多，难于理清头绪。请同学们先看下面一句：Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ________ made the others unhappy. 一般同学都知道此题应填关系代词 which，用以引导一个非限制性的定语从句。事实上，上面一题就是根据此题演变出来，只不过在 which 与 made 之间插入了一个 of course。所以上面一题应选B。 3. He wrote a lot of novels, most of ________ were popular.
A. them
B. whom
D. that
D. which D 此题最佳答案为D，但很容易误选A。假若单独看 He wrote a lot of novels 和 Most of them were popular.这两句话，它们并不错，但将它们放在一起用逗号连接就不甚妥当了。因为，英语句子按其结构来划分，可分为简单句、并列句、复合句和并列复合句4种，也就是说，一个规范的英语句子，从结构上说，它必须隶属以上4类句型之一。 但上面一题若选A，则它既不是简单句(因为它有两个主谓结构)，也不是并列句(因为它没有并列连词)，也不是复合句(因为它没有主从句之分)，当然它更不是并列复合句，所以选A是错误的。可以选D，是因为空白处填了 which 之后，后一句即成了一个非限制性的定语从句，前一句即为主句，整个句子即为一个复合句。 ②Everything according to the plan. 一切都依计划而行。 ②has worked out ③He goes to the gym every other day. 他每隔一天去体育馆健身一次。 ③to work out 3、 look up 查找，抬头 ◆He looked up, but didn't see anything.
他抬头，却什么也没有看到。 ◆Can you look up the time of the next train?
你查一查下一班火车的时间好吗？
look after 照管，照料 look at 看望，注视 look back 回顾，回头看 look down on 看不起，轻视 look for 寻找，寻求 look forward to 盼望，期待
look into 调查，观察 look on 旁观，观看；看待；视作 look out (for) 留神，注意，提防，警惕 look over 检查，查看，调查 look through 浏览，温习 look up to 尊敬，敬仰 — Is it good to ________________ (查找每一个单词) when I come across it in reading? — No, you don't have to because you are likely to guess the meaning from the context. look up every word 4、辨析if only, only if (1)if only 如果……多好，要是……就好了。常用虚拟语气。 ◆If only one had an unlimited supply of money.
要是能财源不断就好了。 (2)only if 只有当……，只有在……的时候。引导的是客观条件状语从句，若这个从句位于句首，主句需要用部分倒装语序。 ◆Only if I get a job in the summer will I have enough money to go on my education next term.
我只有在暑假打到一份工，下学期才会有足够的学费(上学)。 ◆The company will succeed only if it can have sufficient backing.
只有当这家公司获得足够的资助，它才会成功。 4、辨析if only, only if
①__________ a teacher has given permission is a student allowed to enter the classroom.
只有当学生得到了老师的准许后才可以进入教室。 ①Only if ②__________ I had listened to my parents.
我要是当时听了父母的话就好了。 ②If only 5、break down 出毛病，不运转；(身体)垮掉；失败；遭受失败；中止，分解 ◆The workers are having a rest, as the machine is broken down.
由于机器出了故障，工人们暂时在休息。 ◆You will one day break down if you are always working so hard.
如果你总是如此辛勤地劳动，总有一天会病倒的。
break away 突然离开 break away from sb. 脱离，离开，背弃 break in 闯进，打断 break in/with/on 打断某人的谈话 break into… 闯入，侵占 break…into pieces 打碎
break off 折断，突然中断；脱落；断绝；解除 break out (战争、火灾等)突然发生，爆发；叫
嚷；使做准备，取出，倒空 break through… 突破 break up 开垦，破碎，解散，分解 break sb.'s heart 使某人心碎 ①Plastics and other similar rubbish that doesn't __________ (分解) may be thrown into the sea. ①break down ②The computer system ________ suddenly while she was shopping on the Internet.
A. broke down
B. broke out
C. broke up
D. broke in ②A 6、 under the umbrella of 在……的保护下；在……的管理下 ◆The action was taken under the umbrella of the government.
这个行动是在政府的保护下进行的。
under 表示“处于……状态” under way 在进行中 under construction 在建设中 under repair 在维修中 under control 在控制中 The new country was formed___________________________ ____________the United Nations. 这一新国家是在联合国的政治保护下建立起来的。 under the political umbrella of 1、I am very happy to have been chosen to be a Goodwill Ambassador for them. 我很高兴入选成为联合国的一名亲善大使。
to have been chosen为不定式的完成式的被动式。当主语与不定式动词有被动关系，且不定式所表示的动作又先于谓语动词动作发生时，动词不定式就要用完成式的被动式。 ◆The book is said to have been translated into many languages.
据说这本书被译成很多种语言。 ◆He is very sad to have lost four bikes in less than one year.
他因不到一年就丢了4部自行车而感到很伤心。 is said to have bought Leonardo da Vinci birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free. 据说列奥纳多·达·芬奇将关在笼子里的鸟买下来，将鸟释放从而获得乐趣。 2、Instead of sand blowing everywhere, there is mud and water everywhere, making it difficult to travel from place to place. 并不是到处风沙，而是到处有淤泥和水，使得从一个地方到另一个地方很难。 句中making 表示结果状语。 At the end of 2004, there were around 6,000 foreign printing companies in China, making up around 4 percent of national total. 在2004年底，在中国大约有6000家外国印刷企业，占了我国所有印刷企业的4%。 making The wind has moderated, sailing safer. 风势已减弱，做帆船运动较为安全了。 3、It seems that many people here just need to talk, so I am finding that my job is not limited to being a nurse.
看起来这些人好像只需要说话，因此我发现我的工作不只局限为一名护士。 seem的基本意思是“似乎；好像；仿佛；看来”等，可作不及物动词或系动词。seem句型归纳如下： (1)seem可与形容词、名词、不定式(短语)、分词及介词短语搭配。 ◆She seems quite happy today.
今天她似乎很高兴。(形容词) ◆That seems a good idea. 那似乎是个好主意。(名词) ◆He seems to be thinking about something. 他似乎正在考虑某事。(不定式) ◆He seemed pleased at what I said. 听了我的话，他似乎很高兴。(分词) ◆They seemed in high spirits.
他们似乎情绪高涨。(介词短语) (2)seem常用于it作形式主语的结构，即It seems / seemed that… 表示“看来……，似乎……”。 ◆It seems that nobody knew what had happened. 似乎没人知道发生了什么事。 (3) seem常用于由as if / though引导的从句中。在as if / though引起的从句中，如果说的是非真实的情况，从句谓语用虚拟语气；如果所述的情况实现的可能性较大，则从句的谓语常用陈述语气。 ◆It seems as if somebody is calling you. 好像有人在叫你。(陈述语气) ◆It seems as though he were very stupid. 看来他似乎很笨。(虚拟语气) (4) 用于There seems / seemed ＋ to be ＋ n．(主语)中。在这一结构中，seem表示“似乎有；看来有”。 ◆There seems to be a lot of things to do. ＝It seems as if there were a lot of things to do. 似乎有很多事情要做。 这一结构的否定形式为“There seems / seemed to be ＋ no ＋ n．”或“There doesn't / didn't seem to be ＋ n．”。 ◆There doesn't seem to have been any difficulty on this question. 在这个问题上似乎没出现什么困难。 There seems to be a strong competition in China for senior high students to be admitted into colleges or universities. 在中国高中学生录取上大学似乎有很大的竞争。 B 考查动词的辨析。句意为“玛丽，我已经提醒约翰注意他帮助你的承诺了。”remind…of… 就……提醒(某人)，使(某人)想起……；warn含有“警告”的意思。 1. Mary, I ________ John of his promise to help you.(2011·大纲卷)
A. told
B. reminded
C. warned
D. advised 2. C remind和himself构成动宾关系，即remind sb. of sth.; 故用reminded。reminded作宾语补足语。句意：Michael把姚明的相片挂在床边以提醒自己不要忘了自己的梦想。 2. Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself ________ of his own dreams.(2011·重庆)
A. reminding
B. to remind
C. reminded
D. remind Unit 4 Helping people around the world 1、 lack n. 缺乏，没有 (常与介词of连用) ◆Many people can't afford to buy a house because of lack of money.
因为缺钱，许多人买不起房子。 vt. 缺乏，缺少，没有 (不用于被动语态) vi. 缺乏(＋in); 需要 (＋for) ◆The plants lack water; please water them, or they'll die.
这些植物缺水；请浇水，否则它们会死的。 ◆He is young; he is still lacking in experience.
他年轻，还缺少经验。 Many of our young workers ________ proper training.
A. are lacking in
B. are lacking
C. lack for
D. lack in A 2、 worthy
adj. 有价值的， 可尊敬的， 值得的， 配得上的 ◆This is a worthy EnglishChinese dictionary.
这是一本有价值的英汉词典。 ◆It was difficult to find words worthy of that occasion.
很难找到适合于那种场合的言词。 worth, worthy, worthwhile 这些词均可表示“值得的”之意。 worth 前置词，后接名词或相当于名词的词，指做某事有一定价值或意义。 worthy 形容词，与worth同义，但搭配不相同，be worthy of＋n.; be worthy of being done; be worthy to be done。 worthwhile 形容词，用作表语或定语，指某事物是值得的，或某事是值得做的。 ①She said she was not worthy the
honor they had offered her.
她说她不配接受他们给予的荣誉。 ①to accept ②This is a question .
这是一个值得讨论的问题。 ②worthy discussing 3、 remind vt. ①“使想起”，后面可以跟从句，也常跟of引起的短语。 ◆What he had done reminded me of the days when I was in the army.
他所做的一切使我想起了我在部队的那些日子。 ◆They reminded me that they had promised to buy me a car.
他们使我想到，他们承诺过给我买车。 ②“提醒”，跟带不定式的复合结构；也可以跟about或者of引起的短语。 ◆Be sure to remind her to come back early.
你一定要提醒她早点回来。 ◆We must send a letter to remind him of the deadline of the task.
我们必须写信提醒他任务的最后期限。 3、 remind vt. ①He got a letter from his mother,
which
(使他想起了家)． ①reminded him of his home ②His words remind me ________ we did together during the past holiday.
A. that
B. of that
C. what
D. of what ②D remind sb. of sb./sth. 使某人想起某人或某事。what在句中引导宾语从句，并在句中作宾语。 4、辨析approach, means, way, method approach方法，方式；通常指抽象意义上的方法。结构为：approach ＋ to ＋ n. / doing。 (2) means (单复数同形)可以指人或物，其含义为“手段”或“工具”；这个词不仅用于具体的东西，也可以用于抽象的意念。 (3) way 是个通用的词。由于way常出现在许多固定的词组中，way往往是指可能性，而不是说明用什么方式；另外do sth. in this way 中的 way 即 method 的意思，但并不用 method。 (4) method 所表示的“方法”可以指做某件事的具体步骤或程序，也可以指抽象概念“条理”，多与with搭配。 with this method ＝ in this way＝ by this means 用这种方法 (1)mean to do (＝plan/intend to do…) 计划做……，打算做…… (2)mean (doing)… 意思是，意味着 (3)be meant / intended to do… 本意是做…… (4)mean adj. 低劣的；刻薄的；简陋的；吝啬的 ◆I have been meaning to phone you all the week.
一个星期来我一直想给你打电话。 ◆Refusing to fill in the form means giving up the chance.
拒绝填表就意味着放弃这次机会。 ◆The project is meant to help those who lost their homes in the earthquake. 本项工程是要帮助那些在地震中失去家园的人。 ◆Don't be so mean to your brother. 不要对你弟弟如此刻薄。 ◆The workers had to live in a small mean house. 工人们住在一个很小很破旧的房子里。
①There is no good ________ to the problem.
在这个问题上没有什么好方法。 ①approach ②Radio and television are important ________ of
communication.
无线电和电视是重要的通信手段。 ②means ③She showed them the ________ to do it.
她向他们示范做这件事的方法。 ③way ④The teaching ________ marked a new epoch in education.
这种教学方法标志着进入教育的新时代。 ④method 5、 equal adj. 相同的，相等的；胜任的(be equal to) ◆He cut the paper in four equal pieces.
他把纸裁成大小相等的4张。 ◆Men and women have equal rights in China.
在中国男女的权利平等。 ◆Being ill, I am not equal to the journey.
我因病不能参加这次旅行。 linkv. (在大小，数量，数额上)等于，与……相同 ◆Two plus two equals four.
2加2等于4。 vt. 比得上，达到；产生，得出 ◆A highlytrained workforce equals high productivity.
高素质的劳动力创造高生产力。 n. 同等或平等的人或物 ◆What a splendid view! I never saw its equal!
多美的景致，真是无与伦比。
equal between the sexes 男女平等 one's equal in age 某人的年龄相仿者 equal in pay 同酬 the equal of man 人类平等 attain equal in quality 做到质量相同 be without equal 无敌
①Everybody knows the truth that all men are ， so he, as well as the others in the organization has the same rights.
大家都知道这个事实，所有的人生来都是平等的，因此他，还有该组织的其他人都有同样的权利。 ①created equal ②Simon is younger but he all sports.
西蒙年纪小些，但各项运动都比得上他哥哥。 ②equals his brother in 1、 refer to
提到；涉及；描述；参考；归功于
to是介词，后接名词、代词或动名词。refer过去式、过去分词和现在分词形式是referred, referred; referring。 ◆When I said someone was not so clever, I didn't refer to you.
我说某人不够聪明，我不是指你。 ◆I would like to comment on the aspect referred to in your article.
我想就你文章中提到的那个方面作一评论。 ◆Some people refer all the troubles to bad luck instead of lack of ability.
一些人把所有的问题归因于运气不好而不是能力不足。 ◆He never refers himself to us when he has difficulties.
他有困难时从不求助于我们。 1、 refer to
提到；涉及；描述；参考；归功于
The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour without __________ his notes.
总统没有看稿在商业会上演讲了近一个小时。 referring to 2、 work on 继续工作，从事 ◆It is known that this scientist has been working on this problem for about ten years.
人们知道，这位科学家研究这一问题已达10年之久。 work on 还可表示“奏效”、“激起”、“努力说服”等意思。 ◆Wine will work on his emotion.
酒会使他情绪激动。 work out 算出，解答出；健身。 ◆I believe that you can work out this problem by yourself.我相信你能自己解答这道难题。 ◆We hadn't expected that our evening party could work out so well.
我们从没想到我们的晚会会是如此的成功。 ①Susan decided not to ________________ at home because she didn't want her parents to know what she was doing.
苏珊决定不在家里做这个方案，因为她怕她父母知道她在干什么。 ①work on the program