(6)将条件隐含在定语从句中; Anyone who had seen that painting might have taken it for a photo.
凡是看过那画的人,都可能把它看成是照片。 (7)将条件隐含在but引导的并列句中; I would have attended her wedding ceremony, but I was so occupied.
本想参加她的婚礼的,但当时我太忙。 (8)将条件隐含在其他形式的上下文中。 Don't bother to read all these papers. It would take too long.
不要费事看所有这些文件了,那会花太多时间。 1. ________ he followed my advice, he would have succeeded.
A. When
B. If
C. Had
D. Has
C 但容易误选B。不能选B,主要是因为时态前后有矛盾。由于主句谓语是would have succeeded,这表明是对过去事实作出的假设,所以从句谓语应该是 had followed,所以,如果选B,句子应该是 if he had followed my advice。但按英语语法,在此类表示虚拟条件的从句中,若有 had, should, were 等词,便可省略 if,而将 had, should, were 提前置于句首。 2. The man in prison insisted that he ________ nothing wrong and ________ set free.
A. had done; should be
B. should do; should be
C. had done; had been
D. should do; had been A 此题容易误选B,想当然地认为 insist 后的从句谓语要用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气。事实上,insist后的从句谓语是否用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气,要看该谓语动词所表示的含义。一般说来,若该谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生,或尚未成为事实,则用虚拟语气; 若该谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生,或已经成为事实,则要用陈述语气。对上题而言,坐牢的这个人坚持了两点:一是没做错事,二是应该释放。很显然,在坐牢这个人看来,“没做错事”应该是事实,故用陈述语气;“被释放”还不是事实(因为他还在坐牢),故用虚拟语气。所以此题的最佳答案应为A。 3. — It looks as if he were drunk.
— So it does. ________. A. He'd better give up drinking B. He shouldn't have drunk so much C. Health is more important than drink D. I wonder why he is always doing so
D 但A、B、C均有可能误选,主要是受题中 drunk 一词的影响。做此题的关键是要抓住It looks as if he were drunk 中的关键词were,因为它表明此句的谓语为虚拟语气,也就是说,“他喝醉了”不是事实,只是他的言行好像是喝醉了,所以此题的最佳答案是D。另外注意,句中的 so it does 表示强调,意为“他看上去的确像是喝醉了”。类似用法:“The house looks beautiful.” “Yes, so it does.” “这房子看上去很美。”“是的,看上去的确很美。”此句中的 so it does 也表强调。 Module4·Unit 3 Tomorrow‘s world(2) 如何写好定语从句 写好定语从句,掌握先行词与从句的位置非常重要。定语从句要置于先行词(即被修饰词)之后,译为:“……的”,其次要掌握从句中引导词的用法。 【句型1】(…)先行词 + 关系代词 + 从句 点津:关系代词代替的是先行词,在从句中要充当主语或宾语。 The
child who
is
reading
there is the monitor. 在那儿读书的那个孩子是班长。
【句型2】(…)先行词 + prep. + which / whom + 从句 He teaches in a
school,
at
the
back
of
which there is a river. 他在一所学校教书,学校后面有条河。 点津:介词(短语)后的关系代词指物时只能用 which,指人时只能用 whom,都不可用 that代替。 【句型3】(…)such / the same …as + 从句 Children should read such
books as
are
recommended
to
them
by
their
teachers.
小孩子应该读他们老师所推荐的那些书。 点津:①as作定语从句连词时,一定要与such / the same搭配。 ②as代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语。 【句型4】(…)先行词 + 关系副词 + 从句 The
small
mountain
village where
we
spent
our
holiday
last
month lies in what is now part of Hunan. 上个月我们度假的那个小山村在现在的湖南的一个地方。(where = at which) 点津:先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词。在定语从句中用作状语时用相应的关系副词。 翻译下列句子 1. 想要学习这些课程的学生至少要有3年学习英语的经验。
__________________________________________________ 1. The students who are going to take these courses have at least three years of English learning experience.
2. 约翰·肯尼迪 (John Kennedy) 是美国最年轻的总统,他的名字为大多数美国人所熟悉。
________________________________________________________________________ 2. John Kennedy was the youngest president in America, whose name is known to most Americans.
3. 这是我们都感兴趣的一个题目。
________________________________________________________________________ 3. This is a subject which we are interested in.
4. 目前中国有约3.5亿吸烟者,其中75%是男性,25%是女性。
________________________________________________________________________ 4. Currently China has about 350 million smokers, among whom 75% are men and 25% are women.
5. 请送给我们一些像你昨日送来的那种苹果。
________________________________________________________________________ 5. Please send us such kind of apples as you did yesterday.
6. 他的感觉同我的感觉一样。
________________________________________________________________________ 6. He has the same feeling as I have.
7. 所有的邻居都羡慕这个家庭,在其父母对待孩子就像朋友一样这个方面。 ________________________________________________________________________ 7. All the neighbors admire this family,where the parents are treating their child like a friend.
8. 我来是为了向你解释我当时没到会的原因。 ________________________________________________________________________ 8. I have come around to explain the reason why I was absent from the meeting. 9. 这儿曾经有一段时间既没有广播,也没有电话或者电视。 ________________________________________________________________________ 9. There was a time when there were no radios, telephones or TV sets here.
虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示说话人的一种愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测、建议等,不是客观存在的事实。包括两种情况:与事实相反,纯属假设;虽然还不是事实,但可能变为事实。所以,特别注意,不能把虚拟语气简单地理解为“不可能”的事实。表示“不可能”的虚拟用法只是虚拟语气的一部分,主要用于条件句中。 如:If I were you,I'd make a change in life.我当然无法变成你,所以这是纯粹的不可能成为事实的假设。但在It's high time that we had dinner.中显然表达“大家应该去”,而且这种呼吁很快就会变为现实。可见,此句表达的是说话人的一种“提醒,建议”含义的虚拟语气。 条件句中的虚拟语气是虚拟语气的重要内容之一,该种情况采用假设条件从而得出相应结果的方式,表达与实际事实相反的虚拟情况。虚拟条件的时间分为3种:现在,过去,将来。各种主从句对应时间一致的虚拟句式如下: 1.与现在时间相反(前为从句,后为主句): If+主语 +动词过去式(be用were), 主语 +would/should/could/might+动词原形。 2.与过去时间相反: If+主语 +had done, 主语 + would/should/could/might+have done。 3.与将来时间相反: (1)If+主语 +动词过去式(be用were),
主语 +would/should/could/might+动词原形; (2)If+主语 +should +动词原形,
主语 +would/should/could/might+动词原形; (3)If+主语 + were to+动词原形, 主语 +would/should/could/might+动词原形。 4.主从句时间不一致时,主从句谓语动词的表达形式采用组装法,即从句对应什么时间就用相对应的表达式,同样主句对应什么时间也用相对应的表达式。 5. 在虚拟条件状语从句中,如果含有had, should 或were时,可将if省略,将这些词提前。 高考湖南卷的单选题中虚拟语气与反意疑问句隔年考一次,单年考虚拟语气。 1.宾语从句中的虚拟语气主要有3种情况: (1)表示建议、命令、请求、要求、意图等含义的动词suggest, advise, insist, order, command, require, request, demand, ask, prefer等引导宾语从句时,宾语从句用虚拟语气,句式结构为“主语+should+动词原形”,其中should可以省略。但当should表“暗示,表明”,insist表示“坚决认为,坚持说”时,宾语从句用陈述语气。 (2)wish之后的宾语从句,表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望,常用虚拟语气。其主要形式有3种: ①表示对现在情况的虚拟: wish + 主语 + 动词过去式(be用were); ②表示对过去情况的虚拟: wish + 主语 + had + 过去分词; ③表示对将来情况的虚拟: wish + 主语 + would + 动词原形。
(3)would rather引导的宾语从句,从句为过去时间,动词用had done; 从句为现在时间,动词用一般过去式(be用were);从句是将来时间,动词用一般过去式。 2.主语从句用虚拟语气的句式主要有3种: (1)在It is important/necessary that…等主语从句中,从句谓语动词用should+动词原形。should此时表达“应该”的意思。 (2)在It is amazing (strange, surprising, astonishing, a pity, a shame) that从句中有时也用should,此时表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感,常含有“竟然”之意。 若不用虚拟语气则不带感情色彩,比较: It's a pity that he failed the exam.
他考试没及格,真是遗憾。 It's a pity that he should have failed the exam.
他考试竟没及格,真是遗憾。 (3)It is (was) ordered (suggested, required, requested) that从句中,从句谓语动词用should+动词原形。should此时表达“应该”的意思。 3.使用虚拟语气的表语从句句式主要有: (1)The+名词+is/was that表语从句。这些名词是表示请求、要求、命令、建议等意义的名词如:advice, desire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish等。表语从句的虚拟语气结构为:(should) + 动词原形。 (2)It looks as if表语从句。如表达的与现在事实相反用过去式,与过去事实相反用过去完成时。不过,要注意如果表达的内容是真实可信的,则用直陈语气,使用实际时态。 It is getting dark. It looks as if it is going to rain.
天变暗了,看来要下雨了(迹象表明要下雨,根据经验判断此种情况下通常会下雨)。 4.同位语从句中的虚拟语气: 在“名词+that…”同位语从句中,如果名词为表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词如:advice 建议,demand 要求,desire 愿望, decision 决定, idea意见, motion 提议, order命令, proposal 提议, requirement 要求, request 请求,regulation 规章, suggestion 建议等名词时,其同位语从句要用虚拟语气结构:主语+(should) + 动词原形。 5.定语从句中的虚拟语气比较少见,在“是做某事的时候了”句式中从句谓语动词用should do 或过去式。 It is about/high time that we had/ should have a thorough cleaning. 是搞大扫除的时候了。 6.含蓄虚拟条件句:即没有出现明显的假设条件,而是把条件从句隐藏在上下文中的一类条件句,其主要用法及表现形式可归纳如下: (1)将条件隐含在不定式短语中; To have studied harder, you would have passed the examination.
假如你学习更用功些,你就考试及格了。
(2)将条件隐含在现在分词或过去分词短语中; Given more time, I would have done it better. 假若多给些时间,我会做得更好。 (3)将条件隐含在介词短语中,常见介词有but for和without; But for your help we couldn't have succeeded in the experiment.
如果没有你的帮助,我们的实验是不会成功的。 (4)将条件隐含在名词短语中; Another word, and I would beat you flat. 你再说一句话,我就把你打倒在地。 (5)将条件隐含在某些连词中, 常见连词有 otherwise和or else; I'm really very busy, otherwise I would certainly go there with you.
我确实很忙,要不然我肯定会和你一起去那儿。