⑥a great/good deal (of), a little, quite a little, a large amount (of)等修饰不可数名词的短语作主语或其修饰的名词作主语，谓语动词只能用单数形式。 A great deal of time was wasted playing but ought to have been fully used. 很多在玩耍中浪费掉了的时间本应好好利用的。 ⑦“more than one/many a＋单数名词”尽管意义上是复数，但因中心词是单数形式，谓语也须用单数以符合语法一致的原则。但在“more＋复数名词＋than one”结构之后，谓语常用复数。 More than one person was injured in the accident. 不止一人在这次事故中受伤。 More members than one are against the proposal. 反对这项提议的会员不止一个。 ⑧one or two后接复数名词，谓语动词要用复数形式。但在“a/an＋单数名词＋or two”结构之后，谓语动词却常用单数形式。 One or two days are enough for this work. 干这活一两天就够了。 A day or two is enough for this work. 干这活一两天就够了。 ⑨the rest (of...), the remaining, part (of...), one half (of...)等词或短语和它们所修饰的名词或代词作主语，其谓语动词应根据主语所表达的单复数而定。 Part of his story was not true. 他讲的故事有一部分不是真的。 Part of the foreign teachers in our school are from Canada. 我们学校一部分外籍教师来自加拿大。 ⑩当“分数或百分数＋of＋名词”结构作主语时，一般也应根据of后名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数形式。“one and a half＋复数可数名词”作主语，谓语一般用单数形式。一般情况下，表示“几分之几”的“one in＋数词(＋名词)”作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。 This is because two thirds of the earth's surface is made up of vast oceans. 这是因为地球表面积的三分之二是由广阔的海洋构成的。 Two thirds of these tasks have been completed. 这些任务已完成了三分之二。 One and a half days is all I can spare. 我只能抽出一天半的时间。 It is reported that in this area one in four people suffers from lung cancer. 据报道在此地区有四分之一的人患肺癌。 2．非谓语动词和从句作主语 (1)单独的不定式、动名词形式作主语，谓语动词一般用单数形式。多个非谓语动词连在一起表达同一概念，谓语动词用单数形式；如果表达不同概念，谓语动词用复数形式。 Persuading him to join us seems really hard. 劝他加入我们似乎很难。 To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit. 早睡早起是个好习惯。 To work and to live are two different things but they are always together. 工作和生活是两件不同的事情，但它们永远相伴。 (2)that, what, who, which, when, where, why, whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever等引导的从句作主语或单独引导疑问句时，应根据意义一致原则决定谓语动词的数。 That Jack has gone abroad makes us all surprised. 杰克出国了使我们都很惊讶。 What we need are skilled workers. 我们需要的是技术工人。 Who is Abraham Lincoln? 林肯是谁？ Who are talking with each other? 谁在相互交谈？
(3)表示时间、距离、金额、重量等的复数名词作主语，通常看作整体，谓语动词用单数形式。 Six hundred miles is a long distance. 六百英里是一段很长的距离。 3．并列结构作主语 (1)一般来说，两个单数主语用and连接起来，表示两个不同的人或物，动词用复数形式；如果两个并列的单数主语在意义上指同一人、同一事物或同一概念，动词须用单数形式。 A smile and a handshake show welcome. 微笑和握手表示欢迎。 The poet and writer has produced many works. 这个诗人兼作家写出了很多作品。 注意：and所连接的表示同一概念的短语常见的有：a horse and cart(马车)，a knife and fork(刀叉), a cup and saucer(茶盘)，a watch and chain(手表), bread and butter(涂有黄油的面包)等。
(2)every... and every..., each...and each...或no... and no...结构作主语时，谓语用单数。 Every man and (every) woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers. 每一个人都很有理由为他们的父亲所从事的职业感到骄傲。
(3)在由not...but..., not only...but (also), or, either...or, neither...nor等连接的并列主语中，谓语动词的人称和数应该和接近它的主语相一致。在非正式英语中，也可用复数形式。 Neither you nor I am fit for the work. 你和我都不适合做这项工作。 Are neither you nor I fit for the work? 你和我都不适合做这项工作吗？ 4．假性主语的主谓一致 with, together with, along with, as well as, like, such as, as much as, no less than, rather than, including, besides, but, except, in addition to等短语前的主语称为假性主语，谓语动词不受这些短语影响，仍与原主语一致。 Henry, rather than Jane and John, is responsible for the loss. 损失的责任应由亨利而不是简和约翰来承担。 注意：如果一个谓语动词有两个主语，其中一个是肯定的，另一个是否定的，则谓语动词须与肯定的主语相一致。 Jane and Dick, not Mary, are my students. 简和迪克是我的学生，玛丽不是。 5．算式中的主谓一致 算式中，表示数的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词用单数形式。 Fifteen and five is twenty. 十五加五等于二十。 Five times six equals thirty. 五乘以六等于三十。 15 minus 5 makes 10. 十五减去五等于十。 Fifteen divided by 5 is 3. 十五除以五等于三。 注意：在非正式英语中，其谓语动词有时也会出现用复数的情况，尤其是在做加法、乘法运算时。 6．由there, here开头的句子的一致 由there, here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。 There is a lake and some hills around it. 那里周围有一个湖和几座小山。 Look, here come some policemen. 看，来了一些警察。 7．定语从句中的主谓一致 定语从句中关系代词作主语时，谓语动词应视先行词的单复数而定，先行词是单数形式，定语从句中的谓语动词也用单数形式；先行词是复数形式，定语从句中的谓语动词也用复数形式。 Those (people) who are for this plan are to sign your name right on this paper. 同意这个计划的在这张纸上签名。 The news that has been published in today's newspaper isn't true. 今天报纸上发布的资讯不是真的。 注意：“one of＋可数名词复数＋关系代词＋谓语”中，谓语动词用复数形式；“the only one of＋可数名词复数＋关系代词＋谓语”中，谓语动词用单数形式。 8．倒装句中的主谓一致 倒装句中谓语动词应与后面的主语保持一致。 On the wall hang some pictures by Picasso. 墙上挂着一些毕加索的画。 10．little和a little little形式上肯定而意义上否定，其意为“很少，几乎没有”；a little表示肯定意义，其意为“一些，一点”。两者均只用于修饰不可数名词，在句子中可作主语、宾语、定语及状语等。 I have little spare time. 我很少有空余时间。 I have a little spare time. 我有一点点空余时间。 11．复合不定代词 复合不定代词由some, any, every, no与body, one, thing构成，如somebody, anybody, everybody, nobody, someone, anyone, everyone, no one, something, anything, everything, nothing等。在具体使用时注意以下几点： (1)含some的复合不定代词与含any的复合不定代词的区别与some和any的区别相似。 (2)复合代词后习惯上不接表示范围的of短语，但分开写的any one, every one等却可以接of短语。 Every one of us agrees to stay. 我们每个人都同意留下。 (3)修饰复合不定代词的形容词必须置于其后。 Has anything special happened? 发生什么特别的事情了吗？ Can you see something red floating in the distance on the water? 你看见远处有个什么红色的东西漂浮在水上吗？
(4)指代something, anything, nothing, everything等复合不定代词时用it，不用they；指代someone, anyone, everyone, somebody, anybody, nobody等复合不定代词时可用单数he, him, his(较正式)，也可用复数they, them, their(非正式)。 Everything went according to plan, didn't it? 一切都是按计划进行的，是吗？ Someone has left his/their umbrella here. 有人把伞忘在这儿了。
(5)注意以下习语： anything but 决不 nothing but 只有，仅仅 nothing else than 只不过，仅有 nothing less than 不亚于，完全 nothing like 没有什么能比得上 nothing more than 仅仅 something like 大约，有几分像 something of 有几分像 考点九 主谓一致 【真题再现】 1．(2010·全国Ⅱ)Barbara is easy to recognize as she's the only one of the women who ________ evening dress. A. wear
B. wears C. has worn
D. have worn 答案与解析：B who引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词前有the only限制，所以从句用单数谓语动词，再结合本句语意可知用一般现在时。 2．(2010·湖南)Listening to loud music at rock concerts ________ caused hearing loss in some teenagers. A. is
B. are C. has
D. have 答案与解析：C 句意：在摇滚音乐会上听很吵的音乐已造成了一些青少年的听力丧失。动名词短语作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。故选C项。 3．(2010·天津)Traditional folk arts of Tianjin like paper cutting ________ at the culture show of the 2010 Shanghai World Expo. A. are exhibiting
B. is exhibiting C. are being exhibited
D. is being exhibited 答案与解析：C 句意：像剪纸这些天津的传统民间艺术品正在2010年上海世博会文化展示区展出。like paper cutting是介词短语，句子的主语是Traditional folk arts of Tianjin，表复数意义。上海世博会正在进行，传统民间艺术品是被展出，故应用现在进行时的被动语态。 4．(2010·四川)Such poets as Shakespeare ________ widely read, of whose works, however, some ________ difficult to understand. A. are; are
B. is; is C. are; is
D. is; are 答案与解析：A 第一空格poets为主语，第二空格some(works)为主语，谓语动词都应该用复数。 5．(2010·陕西)It is reported that many a new house ________ at present in the disaster area. A. are being built
B. were being built C. was being built
D. is being built 答案与解析：D 从时间状语at present可判断出用现在时，“many a＋单数可数名词”虽然表示复数意思，但谓语动词要用单数。类似用法：more than one＋n.(单)＋谓动(单)。 6．(2010·江苏)—Is everyone here? —Not yet ... Look, there ________ the rest of our guests! A. come
B. comes C. is coming
D. are coming 答案与解析：A 空处所在句子为倒装句，the rest of our guests作主语，谓语动词要用复数形式；此处叙述的又是现在的事实，所以用一般现在时。come用于进行时通常用来表示按照计划或安排将要发生的动作，因此D项不恰当。 【考点诠释】 1．单一主语的情况 (1)不定代词作主语 ①either, neither, each, one, the other, another, someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything, everyone, everybody, everything, nobody, no one, nothing等作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。 Everyone obeys the rules and anybody who breaks the rules is punished. 人人都要遵守规则，任何人违反了规则都要受到惩罚。 ②none后接“of＋复数代词/名词”时，谓语动词用单复数形式皆可；如果指代不可数名词，谓语动词要用单数。 None of us have(has) ever been abroad. 我们中没有人到过国外。 Jimmy has used up all the money. None is left. 吉米把所有的钱都用光了，一点也没剩。 ③neither/either of后接复数名词或复数形式的代词时，谓语动词用单数。 Neither of us has been to the Great Wall. 我们中没有一个人去过长城。 Either of the two stories is interesting. 这两个故事都很有趣。 ④the other two (...), another two (...), both等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 Five people came to help, but another three were still needed. 已经有五个人来帮忙了，但我们还需要三个。 ⑤all指人作主语时，谓语动词用复数；指全部事情时，谓语动词常用单数。 All are present besides the professor. 除了那位教授，其他所有的人也都出席了。 All is going on very well. 一切都很顺利。 ⑥由each修饰的名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。each位于复数主语后或位于句尾时，谓语动词的数要与主语保持一致。 Each of the class has been given a gift. 这个班里的每一个学生都得到了一份礼物。 They each have won a prize.(＝They have won a prize each.) 他们每个人都得了奖。 ⑦such作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式应根据其意义而定。 Such is Stephen Hawking, who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much. 这就是史蒂芬·霍金，一位遭受过巨大痛苦而取得巨大成就的人。 Such who have plenty of money want more money. 那些有足够的钱的人还想要更多的钱。
(2)集体名词作主语 ①有些集体名词，如people, cattle, police等只表示复数意义，作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 People read for pleasure during their spare time. 人们在业余时间读书自娱。 ②集体名词，如audience, army, class, crew, crowd, enemy, family, group, government, public, team等作主语时，若作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数；若着眼于组成该集体的每个成员，谓语动词用复数。 His family is large. 他家是个大家庭。 His family are all waiting for him. 他的家人都在等他。 ③有些集体名词不能运用具体数字修饰，只能在其前加the 表示“全体……”，故谓语动词用复数形式。如the English, the French, the Swiss, the Chinese等。 The Chinese are a hardworking people. 中华民族是一个勤劳的民族。
(3)以s结尾的特殊名词作主语 ①表示学科名称的名词，如physics, mathematics, politics等作主语时，谓语用单数。 Physics is my favorite subject. 物理是我最喜欢的科目。 ②专有名词如国名、人名、书名、组织机构等作主语时，即使专有名词在形式上是复数，谓语动词也要用单数。如the United Nations, the United States, The New York Times等。 The New York Times has a wide circulation. 《纽约时报》发行量很大。
③表示海峡、山脉、群岛等的名词作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。 The Straits of Gibraltar haven't lost their strategical importance. 直布罗陀海峡尚未丧失其战略上的重要地位。 ④有些名词如earnings, thanks, goods, leavings, clothes, trousers, belongings, savings, scissors等作主语时，其谓语动词只能用复数形式。 The family were saved but the belongings were lost. 这家人获救了，但损失了所有的财产。
(4)单复数同形的名词作主语 means, sheep, deer, series, species, works(工厂), crossroads等单复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语动词根据其在句子中具体的单复数而定。 Each means has been tried to solve the problem, but none is effective. 每一种方法都试过了，但没有一个有效的。 There are various means of communicating with a stranger. 同陌生人交流有很多不同的方法。
(5)含有修饰语的名词作主语 ①一些由两个对应部分组成一体的复数名词，如trousers, pants, glasses, scissors等作主语时，前面若无a pair of, a suit of, a set of, a series of等词修饰，谓语动词用复数；若有a pair of, a suit of等这类词，则由这类词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数形式。 My blue trousers have worn out. 我的蓝裤子已经穿破了。 This pair of glasses is very expensive. 这副眼镜很贵。 ②a group of和a couple of修饰复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。 A couple of days have passed since we parted. 我们分手已经好几天了。 ③a number of意为“许多”，修饰可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数；the number of意为“……的数目”，作主语时，谓语动词只用单数。 A number of special plants were found in America. 在美洲发现了许多特别的植物。 The number of people who travel by plane in China is larger than ever before. 在中国，乘飞机旅行的人数比以前多了。 ④只修饰可数名词的several, a few, few, quite a few, a great many, a number of, many等词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；其修饰的名词作主语时，谓语动词也应用复数形式。 Usually few regard their work as a pleasure. 通常很少有人把工作当成娱乐。 ⑤some, plenty of, a lot (of), lots (of)等词可修饰或指代可数名词和不可数名词，其谓语的形式应根据所修饰或指代的词的单复数而定。 A lot of students are coming to the meeting. 很多学生要来参加这次会议。 A lot of work is to be done to prepare for the conference. 为了准备会议，还有很多工作要做。 注意：a quantity (of), (large) quantities (of)作主语或其修饰的名词作主语，其谓语动词应根据quantity的单复数形式而定。 Quantities of money are needed to equip the school. 学校安装设备需要很多钱。 A quantity of story books has been bought for the children. 为孩子们买了大量的故事书。
(4)有些动词如hate, like, love等后面习惯带it作宾语，替代后面提到的某件事。 I really appreciate it if you can come and see her yourself. 如果你能亲自来看看她我将不胜感激。 考点八 不定代词 【真题再现】 1．(2010·全国Ⅰ)I'll spend half of my holiday practising English and ________ half learning drawing. A. another
B. the other C. other's
D. other 答案与解析：B 句意：假期我会把一半时间用于练习英语，另一半用于学习绘画。half表示“一半”，the other half表示“另一半”。the other指两个事物中的“另一个”。因此答案为B项。 2．(2010·全国Ⅱ)Neither side is prepared to talk to ________ unless we can smooth things over between them. A. others
B. the other C. another
D. one other 答案与解析：B 句意：双方都不肯与对方交谈，除非我们能排除他们之间的障碍。根据句中的neither可知共有两方，所以另外一方用the other。 3．(2010·重庆)He had lost his temper and his health in the war and never found ________ of them again. A. neither
B. either C. each
D. all 答案与解析：B 根据题干中的temper和health可知此处表示两者，且表示否定意义，never found either of them相当于find neither of them。 4．(2010·江西)Swimming is my favorite sport. There is ________ like swimming as a means of keeping fit. A. something
B. anything C. nothing
D. everything 答案与解析：C 句意：游泳是我最爱的运动。再没有比游泳更好的煅炼方式了。There is nothing like...意即“没有什么能像……了”。 5．(2010·安徽)You are a team star！Working with ________ is really your cup of tea. A. both
B. either C. others
D. the other 答案与解析：C 第二句的意思是“与别人合作真的是你喜欢的事情”。此处表示的是团队中的其他人，所以用others。 6．(2010·天津)________ in my life impressed me so deeply as my first visit to the Palace Museum. A. Anything
B. Nothing C. Everything
D. Something 答案与解析：B 句意：我一生中没有比第一次游览故宫印象更深的事情了。这里表示隐含的最高级。 7．(2010·福建)When you introduce me to Mr. Johnson, could you please say ________ for me? A. everything
B. anything C. something
D. nothing 答案与解析：C 句意：把我介绍给Johnson的时候，你能给我说上几句好话吗？something可以用在表示请求的疑问句中。say something for somebody意为“帮某人说好话”。 8．(2010·浙江)________ that's important is that you are doing your best and moving in the right direction. A. One
B. All C. Everything
D. Anything 答案与解析：B 此处All that's important相当于What's important，在主句中作主语，表示“重要的是……”，所以选B项。 【考点诠释】 1．some和any some和any都可修饰或指代可数名词和不可数名词；some一般用于肯定句，any一般用于疑问句和否定句。 I must get some fruit in the market. 我得在市场上买点水果。 Do you have any books for children? 你有适合小孩子看的书吗？ 注意：①当表示请求或要求并希望对方能给出肯定的回答时，some也可用于疑问句中；any表示“任何的”时，也可用于肯定句中。 Can you give me some paper? 你能给我些纸吗？ Would you like some bananas? 你想吃点香蕉吗？ You can read any of the books. 你可以看这些书中的任何一本。 ②any不能跟冠词连用，但是some可以表示“某一个”的含义。 some school＝a certain school 某一个学校 2．all和both (1)all表示三者或三者以上的人或物；both只能表示两者。 Copper and silver are both metals. 铜和银都是金属。 Not all women like the word Ms.. 并非所有的女性都喜欢Ms.这个词。
(2)all和both都可以与定冠词连用，置于定冠词之前。 Are all the students here today? 今天所有的学生都到齐了吗？ 注意：在句子中用作同位语时，all和both一般放在行为动词之前，情态动词、系动词be或助动词之后；但当行为动词或表语省略时，all和both放在情态动词、系动词be或助动词之前。 They haven't been there, but we both have. 他们没有去过那儿，但我们俩去过。 3．neither和either 均用于指两者，但neither意为“两者都不”，either意为“两者之一，任意一方”。 Neither of us enjoys getting up early. 我们俩谁也不喜欢早起。 There are trees on either side(＝on both sides)． 两边都有树。 4．each和every (1)each强调个体，指两者或两者以上的人或物，在句子中可用作主语、宾语和同位语，也可作定语修饰单数可数名词；every强调全体，只能指三者或三者以上的人或物，在句子中只能作定语，修饰单数可数名词。
(2)两个用and连接的名词若被each或every修饰且用作主语时，其谓语依然用单数。 Every/Each boy and girl has one. 每个男孩和女孩都有一个。 注意：each用于复数名词主语后作同位语时，后面的谓语用复数。 The students each have a dictionary. 学生每人有一本字典。
(3)every后接“数字或few＋名词”可表示“每隔……”，而each不这样用。 He comes home every two weeks. 他每隔两周回家一次。 She visits her parents every few days. 她每隔几天看望她父母亲一次。 注意：①each指两者或两者以上的“每个”，every指三者或三者以上“每个”，因此指两者时只能用each。 He could write with each hand. 他两只手都能写字。 ②every可被almost, nearly等副词修饰，但each却不能。 5．one和another one指一个或相似的一个；another指另外的一个，表泛指。 Please give me another. 请给我另一个。 I haven't a book; can you lend me one? 我没有书，你能借我一本吗？ 注意：①another可以修饰one，但one不能修饰another。 Please give me another one. 请给我另一个。 ②one可与this, that, the等连用，表示特指；another不能与这些词连用，也不能表示特指。 This one is better than the one over there. 这个比那边的那个好些。 ③在一定范围内，表示其中的一个用one，表示另一个可用one或another。 One boy was reading; one/another was writing. 一个男孩在读书，另一个在写字。 ④若指两者中的一个和另一个，则用“one...the other”。 6．other, the other, others, the others (1)带定冠词的the other, the others表特指，而不带定冠词的other, others表泛指。 Don't cut in when others are talking. 别人说话时别插话。 Only Jim was there. The others had left. 只有吉姆在那儿，其余的人都离开了。
(2)other和the other后可修饰名词，也可单独使用；而others和the others则只能单独使用，相当于代词，不能修饰名词。 the other people(√) the others people(×) (3)other和the other既可表示单数也可表示复数，具体视它所代替或修饰名词的单复数而定，而others和the others则永远表示复数。
(4)注意正确理解以下短语的意思： every other 每隔一……，其他的……都 one from the other 分别，各别 no/none other than 不是别的，正是…… other than 不同于，除了 one after the other 一个接一个地，相继 the other day 早几天，几天前 7．much和many much修饰或指代不可数名词，many修饰或指代可数名词复数。 His name is familiar to many people. 许多人熟悉他的名字。 The children have too much homework to do. 孩子们家庭作业太多。 8．none和no one (1)none后指人或物，其后通常接表示范围的of短语；no one通常只用于指人，不用于指物，且其后习惯上不能接表示范围的of短语。 (2)no one用作主语时，谓语动词用单数；none用作主语时，若指不可数名词，谓语用单数；若指可数名词，则谓语可用单数(较正式文体)也可用复数(用于非正式文体，但更符合习惯用法)。 No one(＝Nobody) likes it. 没人喜欢它。 None of the books is/are interesting. 没有一本书让人感兴趣。
(3)回答特殊疑问句，表示“没有一个”时，用no one回答who所提的问题；用none回答how many/how much所提出的问题。 —How much money did you give her? 你给了她多少钱？ —None. 一分也没给。 —Who went to see the film? 谁去看电影了？ —No one(Nobody)． 谁也没去。 注意：以下几个短语，形式不同，意义大致相同： none but＝no one but＝nothing but＝only 只有 9．few和a few (1)few形式上肯定，意义上否定，其意为“很少，几乎没有”；a few表示肯定意义，其意为“几个，一些”。两者都修饰或代替复数可数名词，在句子中可用作主语、宾语、定语等。 Few apples remained on the tree. 树上没几个苹果了。 A few apples remained on the tree. 树上还剩有几个苹果。
(2)few前若使用了定冠词、物主代词或其他限定词，则不表示否定意义。 He was among the few who have read the book. 他是为数不多的读过这本书的人之一。 Her few possessions were sold after her death. 她那点儿财产死后就被卖掉了。 注意：以下几个短语，形式不同，意义大致相同： quite a few＝a good few＝not a few 不少，相当多 The working classes are very angry about unemployment. 工人阶级对失业感到非常愤怒。 5．用在姓氏复数形式前，表示全家人，或这一姓氏的夫妇俩。 The Smiths are flying to Paris next week. 史密斯一家下周要飞往巴黎。 The Greens got married three years ago and have no children. 格林夫妇三年前就结婚了，现在还没有孩子。 6．用在形容词前可表示一类人或者物。 The disabled need our help. 残疾人需要我们的帮助。 7．用在表示江河、山脉、湖泊、海洋等的名词前。 The Changjiang River is the longest river in China. 长江是中国最长的河流。 Hangzhou is famous for the West Lake. 杭州因西湖而闻名于世。 8．以普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词。 The Great Wall of China is one of the seven wonders in the world. 中国的长城是世界七大奇迹之一。 9．用在逢十的年代前，表示“在某世纪几十年代”。 in the 1990's/1990s在20世纪90年代 10．用在表示身体部位的名词前，表示“打、抓住某人身体的某部位”。 The police caught the thief by the arm. 警察抓住了贼的胳膊。 11．用在表示单位的名词前。 I hired the car by the hour. 我按小时租车。 Eggs are sold by the dozen. 鸡蛋论打卖。 12．表示语言的名词前一般不用冠词，但后面如果出现language一词，前面须加定冠词the。 English＝the English language French＝the French language 13．用于形容词、分词前，表示一类人或物。 The injured were taken to the nearest hospital without delay. 受伤的人被立刻送到了最近的医院。 类似的短语还有the dead, the blind, the rich, the poor, the dying(垂死的人)，the living(活着的人)，the wounded(伤员)，the young, the impossible(不可能的事)等。 14．固定搭配。 slap sb. in the face 打某人耳光 hit sb. on the nose 打某人的鼻子 take the place of 取代，代替 for the sake of 为了…… the same...as...和……一样 at the moment 此刻，现在 考点五 零冠词 【真题再现】 1．(2010·辽宁)There are over 58, 000 rocky objects in ________ space, about 900 of which could fall down onto ________ earth. A. the; the
B. /; the C. the; /
D. a; the 答案与解析：B 第一空不填冠词，in space“在太空”为固定用法；因earth为独一无二的名词，其前必须用定冠词the。故选B项。 2．(2010·福建)It's ________ good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them ________ pleasure. A. /; a
B. a; / C. the; a
D. a; the 答案与解析：B 句意：对人们来说，欣赏上海世博会的感觉很好，这可以带给他们快乐。a good feeling一种美好的感受；pleasure此处为抽象名词，意为“快乐”，不加冠词。 3．(2010·江苏)The visitors here are greatly impressed by the fact that ________ people from all walks of life are working hard for ________ new Jiangsu. A. /; a
B. /; the C. the; a
D. the; the 答案与解析：A 句意：这里的游客被各行各业的人努力建设一个崭新的江苏的事实深深感动了。前一个空处people本身是集合名词，一般不与冠词连用；后一个空处指的是一个崭新的江苏省，是泛指。 4．(2010·四川)In ________ most countries, a university degree can give you ________ flying start in life. A. the; a
B. the; / C. /; /
D. /; a 答案与解析：D 第一空复数名词表示泛指，之前不用冠词；第二空a flying start泛指“一个飞跃性的开始”。句意：在许多国家，一个大学学位能给你的人生一个飞跃性的开始。 【考点诠释】 1．表示泛指的复数名词和不可数名词前不用冠词。 Time is more valuable than anything else. 时间比其他任何东西都更有价值。 2．在季节、月份、星期以及含day的节日名称前不用冠词。 There are four seasons in a year：spring, summer, autumn and winter.
一年有四季：春、夏、秋、冬。 New Year's Day is the most important festival in western countries. 元旦是西方国家最重要的节日。 The old man died in April last year. 这位老人是去年四月份去世的。 We will have a New Year's party next Friday. 下周五我们要举行新年晚会。 3．一日三餐前、表示球类和棋类的名词前不加冠词。 What do you have for supper? 你晚餐吃什么？ Two old men are sitting under a tree, playing chess. 两位老人正坐在树下下棋。 The boy plays basketball with his friends every day after school. 这个小男孩每天放学后都要和朋友去打篮球。 4．名词前有物主代词、名词所有格、指示代词或some, any, no, each, every等词修饰时，不用冠词。 There used to be no universities in my hometown. 过去，我的家乡没有大学。 Every student in my class is trying his best to learn English. 我们班每个学生都在很努力地学习英语。 5．在句中作表语、宾语补足语、主语补足语及同位语的独一无二的职位或者头衔的名词前不用冠词。 In 1864, Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States. 1864年，亚伯拉罕·林肯当选为美国总统。 We made him our team leader. 我们选他为队长。 6．由国名而来的语言名词前不用冠词。 The beautiful model can speak French and German. 这位漂亮的模特会说法语和德语。 7．让步状语从句中位于句首的单数可数名词前不用冠词。 Child as he is, he knows how to help others. 虽然他还是个孩子，可他已经知道怎么去帮助别人。 8．系动词turn(变成)后的单数名词作表语不用冠词。 His brother has turned writer. 他弟弟已成为一名作家。 9．用在“表示类型的名词＋of...”这一结构后的单数名词不用冠词。 The warmth of the sweater will of course be determined by the sort of wool used. 羊毛衫的保暖程度取决于所用的羊毛。 10．用在独立主格结构中的某一形式中。 The teacher came in, book in hand(＝with a book in his hand)． 老师手里拿着一本书走进来。 11．no与such连用时应放在such之前，such后的名词不用冠词。 No such thing has ever happened in the village. 村子里从未发生过这种事。 考点六 人称代词 【真题再现】 1．(2010·四川)On my desk is a photo that my father took of ________ when I was a baby. A. him
B. his C. me
D. mine 答案与解析：C 空格处作介词of的宾语，应该用人称代词的宾格，故排除B、D选项。由句意“桌上有张小时候父亲为我拍的照片”可知答案为C项。
2．(2009·北京)Being a parent is not always easy, and being the parent of a child with special needs often carries with ________ extra stress. A. it
B. them C. one
D. him 答案与解析：A 句意：当一名父亲或母亲并不总是容易的，当有特殊需要的小孩的父亲或母亲经常会承受额外的压力。如：Being a combat sport, karate carries with it the risk of injury.，故选A项。 【考点诠释】 人称代词在运用中应注意下面几个问题： 1．人称代词指代的数量要前后一致。 The students must be made to understand how important each subject is to them.(them指代The students) 2．在强调句中人称代词的使用应该根据人称代词具体作什么成分而定。 It was I that first arrived at the airport. 是我第一个到达机场的。(I作主语) It was him that we met at the school gate. 我们在学校门口遇到的是他。(him作宾语) 3．句子中没有谓语动词，也就是说谓语动词被省略时，人称代词要用宾格。 —I'd like to go to climb the mountain this weekend. 这个周末我想去爬山。 —Me, too. 我也想去。 4．当说话者不清楚或不必要知道说话对象的性别时，可以用it来表示。 It's a lovely baby. It is a boy or a girl? 这孩子真可爱。是男孩还是女孩？ 考点七 it, one, that的区别 【真题再现】 1．(2010·山东)Helping others is a habit, ________ you can learn even at an early age. A. it
B. that C. what
D. one 答案与解析：D 由题干的结构来看，空格处应该是a habit的同位语，you can learn even at an early age是一个定语从句，修饰所填的代词，因此应该选D项。句意：帮助别人是一个习惯，一个从很小就能学会的习惯。 2．(2010·陕西)The cost of renting a house in central Xi'an is higher than ________ in any other area of the city. A. that
B. this C. it
D. one 答案与解析：A 句意：在西安市中心租一套房子的费用比在该市任何其他地区租一套房子的费用都要高。根据句意可知，空处指代The cost of renting a house，应该用that。 3．(2010·辽宁)The fact that she was foreign made ________ difficult for her to get a job in that country. A. so
B. much C. that
D. it 答案与解析：D 题干中含有make it difficult for sb. to do sth.结构。形式宾语it代替后面的动词不定式短语to get a job in that country。 4．(2010·全国Ⅱ)The doctor thought ________ would be good for you to have a holiday. A. this
B. that C. one
D. it 答案与解析：D 在thought后的宾语从句中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是“to have a holiday”。 【考点诠释】 one, that与it在替代时的区别： (1)one用于指代与前面提到的相似的人或物；it用于指代前面所提到的同一件事或物。 Your hat is really pretty. I'd like to buy one. 你的帽子很漂亮。我想买一顶。 Your skirt is beautiful. Where did you buy it? 你的裙子很漂亮。你在哪儿买的？
(2)that多指前面提到的事物，可以指代可数名词，也可以指代不可数名词。 I miss my parents; and that's why I am anxious to go home. 我想父母了，这就是我为何急着回家的原因。 (3)it可以用来指天气、距离、时间、环境等，还经常用来作形式主语或宾语，替代不定式、动名词、主语从句或宾语从句等。 It was very hot yesterday. 昨天天气很热。 It is said that he has gone abroad. 据说他出国了。(It作形式主语，替代主语从句)