Module 2
Developing and developed countries
Explanations for new words and phrases
1．hunger:
n. 饥饿/饿。have a strong hunger for sth. 渴望某物Hunger breaks stone walls. 饥饿使人造反。The boy was half dead from hunger. 已经饿得半死了。His hunger for excitement got him into a lot of trouble. 他寻求刺激的欲望给他添了许多麻烦。
v. (使)饥饿vi. = desire渴望 hunger for/after sb./sth. 表渴望得到…There is no food; they have to hunger the children.
没有食物了, 他们不得不让孩子们挨饿。The unemployed hunger for jobs. 失业者渴望得到工作拓展hungry： adj. 饥饿的;hungrily： adv. 饥饿地；渴望地2．, 收益, 所得in-(向内+come(来personal income个人收入 national income国民收入
fixed income 固定收入extra income 外水monthly/yearly(annual) income 月/年收入on a high/low income 靠高/低收入income tax 所得税
You should learn to live within your income. 你应学会量入为出的生活。
Does everyone have to pay income tax in China?
在中国每个人都有要缴个人所得税吗？
辨析fee：是付给律师、医生等的报酬。income：“收入”通用词。常用作可数名词，进款统称，只要是得到的钱都可以称为收入。
pay“工资”，普通用语，不可数名词指从雇主处获得的报酬和海陆军人及政府部门工作者的薪水。一般用以指雇主定期付给的工资。
wages指按时、日或星期或按工作量计算体力劳动现款工资，常的人,以复数形式出现。
salary“薪水”可数或不可数名词指专业人员和从事脑力劳动的人公务员、教师或记者等的工资，一般是指以年为单位，按月支付。
．贫困 =poorness(richness/wealth)缺少
a child of poverty 出身贫寒的人live in poverty 生活窘迫They lived in poverty.生活在贫困之中。He led a life of poverty for many years. 他过了多年的贫困生活。
Many great men have risen from poverty---Lincoln, for example. 许多伟人从贫困中崛起，例如林肯。
He showed his poverty in his knowledge of agriculture. 他表现出缺乏对农业知识的了解。
His work is criticized for its poverty of imagination. 他的作品因缺乏想象力而受到批评。
搭配：poverty line贫困线（购买基本的生活必需品所需之收入的最低水平）poverty-stricken：adj. 贫困不堪的，极度贫穷的 poverty-stricken areas/counties.贫困地区/县
．与动物等对比的人adj. 人/人类的；有人性的, 通人情的。
A human can think and talk, but an animal cannot.
人能思考和说话, 但是动物不能。
In the story human beings were replaced by robots. 在这个故事中, 人类被机器人代替了。
We must allow for human error. 我们必须体谅人的过失。
He is a very human person. 是一个极富人情味的人。
辨析:
human being: 人(可数)；人类(不可数) = human race。
Animals may behave like that, but human beings shouldn’t动物可以那样表现，但是人就不应该。
human race: 人类 = mankind = man = human beings mankind:
n. 人类；男子（总称）。
The civilization of human race has taken thousands of years. 人类经数千年才文明开化。man:
n.人类 = mankind = human race = human beings； 人 = person男女都可。All men must die.人终有一死
5．development:
n. 发展；开发；生长/成长。 development area/zone 开发区
They encourage the development of small businesses.
他们鼓励小公司的发展。
How is the economic development zone going on? 现在经济开发区怎样了?
development还有“新产品，新发明”的意思。如：
This new rose is a development from a very old kind of rose. 这一玫瑰新品种是由一老品种培育成的。
develop： v. “开发；发展；养成”。如：
We must do our best to develop the national economy. 必须努力发展国民经济。
He has developed the habit of making notes. 他养成了记笔记的习惯。
developing:
adj.发展/进行中的；走向完成阶段的/走向成熟的。 developing country
developed:
adj. 发达的/先进的/成熟的。developed country， Fully developed or matured完全成熟的
6．index:
n. (物价工资等的)指数/指标。 quality index 质量指标
price index 物价指数
index finger 食指
The index of industrial production increased.
工业生产指数提高了。
The index measures a country’s achievement in three ways. 这项指标从三方面衡量一国的成就。
【拓展】index指衡量物价或工资等的指标，还有“表征，标志”的意思。其复数形式为indexes或indices。
7．measure:
n.
测量；尺寸尺度/标准措施/办法手段常用复数导学P17-2-1
vi./ vt.
(测)量测定；估计/量评估。 link v.
有…长宽高后跟结果，不用被动语态及进行时态make sth. to one's measure 照某人的尺寸做某物。
Mr Smith asked the tailor to make some new clothes to his own measure.
take one's measure或take the measure of sb. 给某人量尺寸take the measure of sth. 给某物量尺寸The tailor took my measure for a new suit.
Miss Green took the measure of the desk for me.
** made to measure 定做的，按照尺寸做的。Here are clothes made to measure.
** by measure按尺寸We make all kinds of clothes by measure, including evening dresses and jeans.
** take measures to do采取措施They are taking strong measures to protect wildlife resources.
Measures should be taken to stop pollution. 该采取措施制止污染了。
测量，给……量尺寸。
Did you measure the distance between those two development areas？
measure可用作不及物动词。 Mrs Smith picked up a ruler and measured carefully.
量尺寸、面积，与表数量的词(短语)连用，其主语是表示物的名词。This room measures
meters across.
It measures nearly 20 meters. That old tree measure at least 30 meters from top to bottom.老树有30米估量，衡量。 One should measure oneself by a high standard.
It’s hard to measure his ability when we haven’t seen his work. 没见过他作品，难估计他能力。
A scientist is often measured according to his achievements that he has made.
measure sb for sth 给某人量体裁衣
She is being measured for her wedding dresses.
** measure sth by sth 用…衡量… Education shouldn’t be measured purely by the examination results.
8．goal:
n. 目标；得分。
go + al(l)→所有人向着一个方向走→目标。
When he at last arrived in Rome he felt he had reached his goal. 最终抵达罗马时,感到已达目的。
We scored a goal in the first minute of the game. 比赛开始头一分钟, 我们就得了一分。
Their group won the game by three goals to one.
以三比一获胜。
9．expectancy:
n. (根据概率得出的)预期数额；希望/期望。候女王经过。
They waited in the street for the queen to pass in a state of expectancy. 他们在大街上满怀期盼地等
expectancy一般指期待的状态，亦可指（根据概率得出的）预期数额。
life expectancyexpectation of life，意思是“平均寿命”。
10．position:
n. 地点位置所在地；姿势姿态；地位位次；立场处境；职位in a ... position处于…的地位/处境
be in a position to do sth. (因有能力、金钱或权力而)能做某事
in/out of position在/不在适当的位置take up (one’s) position就位lose one’s position失业
From his position on the hill top, he had a good view of the harbor. 站在山顶上，海湾看得清清楚楚。 I love games, and I used to play forward position in the school basketball team.
辨：position指所处的方位地点所担任的职位所处的形势境况等location：位置，指处于某个位置或有特征的地方。state：指身体、心理状况；也可以表示物质存在的状态。
situation可以表示政治上的形势、局面，也可以表示人或公司等的状况。
condition表条件；当表环境时常用复数conditions； 也可指“状态况” in good/bad condition。
11．educate:
vt. 教育；培养；训练。指训练某人的思想和性格，教某人，教育某人。
导学P19-7
Parents should educate their children to behave well. 父母应当教育子女守规矩。
education：n. “教育，教育学”。
educated: adj. “受过教育的”。 He is fairly educated. 他很有教养。
辨析：educate，teach，coach和train
educate：指对(尤指儿童的)知识和智力进行全面的培养，通常是由学校进行系统的正规教育；
teach： 用法最广，可用于庄重的和一般的场合，可用于各种教育程度；既可指某一学科也可指某种技能；
coach：训练/辅导。表非正规的教导，可指对某一学科(尤指为考试)进行辅导，也可指对体育运动的指导；
train：训练/锻炼/培养。使在行为、技能或体能上达到要求，可用以指人或动物；
instruct：教/指导。指传授实践知识，特别是针对集体受训者（如士兵或护士）。
12．figure:
n. 数字；图/解；轮廓人物人影/身形/体态身材。
geometric figure 几何图形
figure painting 人物画
keep one’s figure保持优美的身材
The above figure did not include workers. 上面的数字没有包括工人。
The figure on Page 22 shows a political map of Africa. 第22页的插图是非洲的政区图。
I made out three figures moving in the distance.
隐约看出远处有三个人影在移动。
He has become a figure known to everyone. 他已经成为了知名人物。
What a fine figure the girl has! 这女孩身材多好呀！
v. 计算认为为计。
figure out 理解想出；弄明白看透；计算出figure sth. in 将某物考虑/计算在内 figure on sth./sb. 依赖，指望
This novel is so badly written that I can hardly figure out what the writer is trying to say.We figure on the needed help coming early. 指望早点得到所需的帮助。You can figure on him to support you. 你可以指望他来支持你。
13．household:
n. 一家人；家庭。He is the head of the household. 他是户主。
辨:
household 表示家庭里所有的成员包括雇员，是社会单元；
family 指家庭、家庭成员、自己的亲人。
14．homeless:
adj. 无家可归的。
导学P23-1
15．crowded:
adj. 拥挤的；占满的。 表示人群聚齐，人数众多。
They had a very crowded schedule on the trip. 他们的旅行日程排得满满的。
be crowded with 意思是“被……占满，挤满了……的”。
His mind was crowded with whys. 他脑子里全是问号。
16．inhabitant:
n. 居民。指当地的居民、住户、栖息的动物，多用复数形式。
The oldest inhabitants of the island were birds. 岛上最早的栖息者是鸟类。
inhabit： vt. 居住于, 栖居于。
Fish inhabit the sea. 鱼栖息于海中。
Thoughts inhabit his mind. 各种思想占据了他的心灵。
inhabit a city 住在城市
17．similarity: n.类似/相似(点)。指两事物完全或部分相似, 强调在某一方面或某种程度上相类似。导学P24-3
Pay attention to the similarity between the two cities, please. 请注意这两个城市之间的相似的地方。
Their differences are more noticeable than their similarities. 他们互异之处较其相似之点更显著。
18．unfortunate:
adj. 不幸的/倒霉的/时运不佳的/不成功的；遗憾的/可叹的,。= unlucky
She was unfortunate to miss the last train.
她不幸错过了最后一班列车。
I count myself to be unfortunate. 我认为我自己时运不佳。
It is indeed unfortunate!
那的确是令人遗憾的！
be unfortunate to do: 做某事很倒霉。 I was unfortunate enough to lose my key. 真倒霉钥匙丢了。
It is unfortunate that...: 不幸的是…，可惜的是…
It is unfortunate that you missed the meeting. 真可惜，你没参加那次会议。
19．tourism:
n. 旅游业。 不可数名词。 tourist：n. 观光者，旅游者。 tour：n. 旅游，观光旅行。
The country’s economy is dependent on tourism. 该国经济依赖于旅游业。
20．transport:
n. 交通工具。
My car is being repaired so I’m without transport at the moment. 我的车在修,因此没代步工具。
短语：in transports of... = in a transport of... 意为“在(喜悦，愤怒等)的激动情绪中，喜不自胜/怒不可遏”。
be transported with joy意为“欣喜若狂”。
He was in a transport of joy. 他高兴得不得了。
21．industrial:
adj. 工业的。
They have got an industrial area here.
这有一个他们的工业区。
Manchester is an industrial city.
曼彻斯特是个工业城市。
Many European countries are developed industrial nations. 许多欧洲国家是发达的工业国。
22．polluted:
adj.受到污染的。The entire river is polluted. 整条河都给污染了。
地区的土壤正逐步改良。
With the help of the experts, the soil in the polluted area is improving.
在专家的帮助下，被污染
23．vast:
adj. 巨大的；庞大的；浩瀚的。
He tries his best to change a vast expense of desert into a forest. 尽最大努力将大片沙漠变成森林。
辨：vast：巨大的指幅员辽阔或面积大,着重在面积空间数量程度，花费大，阅历广huge：巨大的着重指体积庞大难用普通方法计量。可指具体的实物抽象的事物可表身形高大或很大的构架。也可用作比喻严重紧急的事。
arge：强调远远超过标准的大指体积面积容积数量之大ig： 指具体事物的大小,强调比正常形体的标准大既可用在普通场合也可用在正式场合
24．exchange:
n. 交换。ex-(向外)+change
She is an exchange teacher. 她是出国交流的老师。
exchange words：v. 意为“争吵，争论”。如：
Mary and Anne didn’t actually exchange blows but they certainly exchanged words; I’ve never heard anything like it!
玛莉与安妮的确没有真的动手打起来，但的确互呈口舌之利；我从没有见过这样的场面。
1．at the top of：在…的顶部/顶端。其后跟地点表“在某地的最高处”；跟事物表“在某物的顶端”；跟声音表“用尽量大的声音”。
Norway is at the top of the list. 挪威高居榜首。
Standing at the top of the tall building, you can get a good view of the night of the city.站在高楼的顶部，你可很好地看到城市夜景。
They are talking at the top of their voices so as to make themselves heard. 为让…尽量大声音交谈at the bottom of：在…的底部There is a pretty cat at the bottom of the stairs. 楼梯底部有只漂亮小猫。
There is a pagoda at the top of the hill while a temple at the bottom of it. 山上有座塔山下有座庙。
短语：at bottom = in fact 实际上根本上本质上from/at the bottom of one’s heart 衷心的真诚的
．make effort：努力。常跟不定式。导学P-7-2
efforts可换成every/an effort。 = try one’s best to do尽某人最大能力做。
I will make every effort to arrive on time. 我将尽一切努力准时到达。
The doctors are making every effort to save the boy. 医生正在作出一切努力挽救那个男孩（的生命）。
She is sure to make a special effort for you.她肯定会为你作出特殊努力的。
拓展： make an effort to do sth. 努力做某事
make every effort /efforts to do 尽一切努力
without effort 毫不费力地
spare no effort to do 不遗余力做尽力做某事…
through one’s efforts 通过某人的努力
He lifted the box without effortIt’s only through your efforts that we have managed to raise the money.
3．be connected with
与…有联系；与…有关 = have something to do with
Most European royal families are connected with each other.欧洲大部分皇室都有姻亲或血亲关系。
That old man was suspected to be connected with the crime.那个老人被怀疑与犯罪事件有关。
The girl is connected with the Smiths.那个女孩与史密斯一家有亲戚关系。
connect ... with/to ...：把…相连接；用电话同…相联系；连接/接通。
connect this wire with/to that one.
The living room connects with the toilet.客厅与卫生间相连。Connect me with the Foreign Languages Department, please. 请给我接外语系。
．be close to 接近靠近。导学P-6
= next to紧挨着，near在…附近close是形容词，表“近的”。与动词或beOur school is close to the river.我们学校靠近那条河流。 I live close to the shops. 我住得离商店很近。
No man was close to John but a few men were near him. 没谁同约翰关系亲密，但有几人跟他接近。
反义词:
far
adj.远的； distant
adj.遥远的
辨：close to：表(时)接近于地)在附近关系与…亲密。The boy stood close to his mother. 孩子紧挨母亲站。
next to：紧挨着…；几乎；简直。The man next to Bill was talking to him in Spanish.
紧挨比尔那人正用西班牙语与他交谈。