2016高考英语考纲解读及热点演练：9 非谓语动词

　　近三年高考主要考查非谓语动词的作用和形式。在作用方面主要考查作宾语时用不定式还是动名词；作宾语、状语、补语时用不定式还是分词；它们作某一成分时的特殊情况及特殊结构。在形式方面主要考查用一般式还是完成式、主动式还是被动式、现在分词还是过去分词。1．(2016·北京，21)Volunteering gives you a chance ________ lives, including your own.A．change

　　B．changing

　　C．changed

　　D．to change

　　2．(2016·福建，22)________ basic first－aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.

　　A．Known

　　B．Having known

　　C．Knowing

　　D．Being known

　　3．(2016·山东，33)________at the cafeteria before，Tina didn't want to eat there again.

　　A．Having eaten

　　B．To eat

　　C．Eat

　　D．Eating

　　4．(2016·湖南，25)The sun began to rise in the sky，________the mountain in golden light.

　　A．bathed

　　B．bathing

　　C．to have bathed

　　D．have bathed

　　5．(2016·湖南，31)________warm at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.

　　A．Staying

　　B．Stayed

　　C．To stay

　　D．Stay

　　6．(2016·江苏，31)Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and________to ruins，the city took on a new look.

　　A．reducing

　　B．reduced

　　C．being reduced

　　D．having reduced

　　7．(2016·辽宁，28)Laura was away in Paris for over a week.When she got home，there was a pile of mail________for her.

　　A．waited

　　B．to wait

　　C．waiting

　　D．was waiting

　　8．(2016·陕西，13)Let those in need ________ that we will go all out to help them.

　　A．to understand

　　B．understand

　　C．understanding

　　D．understood

　　9．(2016·陕西，14)The witnesses ________ by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.

　　A．questioned

　　B．being questioned

　　C．to be questioned

　　D．having questioned

　　10．(2016·四川，8)________which university to attend，the girl asked her teacher for advice.

　　A．Not knowing

　　B．Knowing not

　　C．Not known

　　D．Known not

　　谓语非谓语【例1】 ________ it with me should be a good choice.Trust me!A．When left

　　B．Leave

　　C．If you leave

　　D．Leaving

　　【例2】 Please do me a favor—________ my friend Mr.Smith to Youth Theater at 7：30 tonight.

　　A．to invite

　　B．inviting

　　C．invite

　　D．invited

　　谓语：谓语是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明，指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。

　　非谓语：在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫作非谓语动词。　

　　非谓语【例3】 I can't stand ________ with Jane in the same office.She just refuses ________ talking while she works.

　　A．working; stopping

　　B．to work；stopping

　　C．working；to stop

　　D．to work；to stop

　　【例4】 Isn't it time you got down to ________ the papers?

　　A．mark

　　B．be marked

　　C．being marked

　　D．marking

　　非谓语作主语、宾语的重点

　　(1)it充当动词不定式的形式主语或形式宾语

　　①It is important for us to learn English very well.

　　对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。

　　②I think it important for us to learn English very well.我认为对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。

　　(2)it作形式主语使用动名词的句型

　　①It is no use/no good/useless＋doing sth

　　It is no use crying.哭没有用。

　　②It is fun (a great pleasure, a waste of time) ＋doing sth

　　It is a waste of time trying to explain.

　　设法解释是浪费时间。　

　　非谓语【例5】 Tom sounds very much ________ in the job, but I'm not sure whether he can manage it.

　　A．interested

　　B．interesting

　　C．interestingly

　　D．interestedly

　　【例6】 Please remain ________；the winner of the prize will be announced soon.

　　A．seating

　　B．seated

　　C．to seat

　　D．to be seated

　　非谓语作表语的重点

　　(1)不定式、动名词与分词作表语的区别。不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语，含义是回答主语“是什么”；分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，含义是回答主语“怎么样”。

　　Our plan is to keep the affair secret.

　　我们的计划是让这件事成为秘密。

　　Their job is making wheelchairs for disabled people.

　　他们的工作是为残疾人制造轮椅。

　　The music they are playing sounds exciting.

　　他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动。

　　This beautiful village remains unknown to the rest of the world.这个美丽的村庄仍未被外界所知。

　　(2)现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别。现在分词和过去分词作表语都是用于回答主语“怎么样”的。现在分词说明主语的特征，过去分词说明主语的状态。如：

　　This dog is frightening.

　　这条狗让人害怕。(说明狗的特征)

　　This dog is frightened.

　　这条狗有些害怕。(说明狗的心理状态)

　　Climbing is tiring and we are completely tired after a day's climbing.

　　爬山是累人的，爬了一天的山我们都全累坏了。(tiring说明climbing的特征，tired说明我们的状态)　

　　非谓语【例7】 The teacher asked us ________ so much noise.

　　A．don't make

　　B．not make

　　C．not making

　　D．not to make

　　【例8】 —Excuse me，sir, where is Room 301?

　　—Just a minute.I'll have Bob ________ you to your room.

　　A．show

　　B．shows

　　C．to show

　　D．showing

　　非谓语动词做宾语补足语的要点：

　　(1)主动关系用现在分词，被动关系用过去分词，将来的动作用不定式。

　　(2)几个特别的结构

　　▲have＋宾语＋do/doing/done

　　①“ have ＋ 宾语＋ do sth ”意为“让/叫/使某人做某事”。此结构中的 have 是使役动词，宾语后的 do sth 是不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。

　　The boss often has them work for 14 hours a day.

　　老板经常要他们一天工作14 个小时。

　　②“have ＋宾语＋ doing”意为“叫/让/使某人做某事或让某种情况发生”。宾语后面用现在分词作宾语补足语，表示宾语与现在分词表示的动作之间为主动关系，且动作正在进行。

　　Don't have the dog barking much, Lilin.

　　李林，别让狗狂吠不停。

　　③“ have ＋ 宾语＋done”意为“让/叫/使/请别人做某事”或者是“遭受/遭遇了……，此时，主语是无意中的受动者，而不是动作的执行者”的意思。宾语后面用过去分词作宾语补足语，说明宾语与过去分词表示的动作之间是被动关系。

　　We had the machine mended just now.

　　我们刚才请人把机器修好了。

　　He had his leg injured while playing football.

　　他在踢足球时腿受了伤。

　　▲get＋宾语＋to do/doing/done

　　三种结构的意义请参看上述“have＋宾语＋do/doing/done”的意义解释。

　　He got his sister to help him with his clothes.

　　他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。

　　Can you really get that old clock going again.

　　你真的能让那辆旧钟再走起来吗？

　　Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital.

　　多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。

　　▲catch sb doing sth逮住某人干某事

　　If she catches me reading her diary, she'll be furious.

　　如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的。　

　　▲make ＋ oneself ＋ done

　　oneself 与其后的过去分词存在着动宾关系，或者说是被动关系

　　He raised his voice in order to make himself heard.

　　他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。

　　非谓语【例9】 If there is a lot of work ________， I'm happy to just keep on until it is finished.

　　A．to do

　　B．to be doing

　　C．done

　　D．doing

　　【例10】 If water becomes increasingly scarce in decades ________，water shortage will become a hot issue all over the world.

　　A．coming

　　B．having come

　　C．to come

　　D．to be coming

　　1．不定式作定语

　　(1)不定式作定语常用于不定代词或被the first/next/only/last等修饰的名词和其他一些名词、代词之后。其中，不定式的一般式通常表示一个将来或经常性的动作，完成式则表示该动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。

　　例如：She is always the first (one) to come and the last to leave.

　　(2)如果作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词有动宾关系，在不及物动词后通常要加上适当的介词。

　　例如：Let's first find a room to live in / to put the things in.

　　(3)不定式作定语修饰一个在逻辑上是其宾语名词时，若在句子中能找到该不定式的逻辑主语， 则该不定式多用主动表被动，否则，用被动式。

　　例如： Have you got anything to say at the meeting?

　　(you...say ...anything)

　　Here is a letter to be taken to Mr.Li.

　　在there be句型中，有时用主动式或被动式意思不同。

　　比较：There is nothing to do at present.(＝We have nothing to do at present.)

　　There is nothing to be done at present.(＝We can do nothing at present.)

　　2．－ing分词作定语

　　(1)单个的－ing分词作定语一般前置，说明名词的性质、特征或用途等，－ing短语作定语一般后置；强调动作的单个－ing分词也常后置。

　　例如：a sleeping car (＝a car for sleeping )

　　a sleeping child (＝a child who is sleeping )

　　(2)－ing分词作定语一般要求其动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或是在说话时该动作正在进行，否则，要用从句作定语。

　　例如：Do you know the boy talking (＝who is talking ) to the teacher?

　　比较：误：He is the man visiting our class yesterday.

　　正：He is the man who visited our class yesterday.

　　3．－ed分词作定语

　　－ed分词作定语一般表示一个被动或已完成动作，－ing分词表示一个主动或正在进行的动作， －ing分词的被动式则表示一个正在被进行的动作。

　　例如：a developed/developing country

　　He is a student loved by all the teachers.

　　The building being built will be the third Teaching Building of our school.

　　4．像定语从句一样，分词作定语也有非限制性的，其作用相当于一个非限制性定语从句

　　例如：The students, wearing their school uniforms, marched into the playground.

　　The substance, discovered almost by accident，has greatly changed the world.　

　　非谓语【例11】 He hurried to the booking office only ________ that all the tickets has been sold out.

　　A．to be told

　　B．to tell

　　C．told

　　D．telling

　　【例12】 Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year，________ a record US $57.65 a barrel on April 4.

　　A．have reached

　　B．reaching

　　C．to reach

　　D．to be reaching

　　1．现在分词与主句的主语之间是主动关系，用来表时间、条件、原因、伴随、结果等；第二，过去分词与主句的主语之间是被动关系；第三，作状语的动作发生在主句谓语动词之前要用分词的完成时。

　　2．作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，表示处于某种状态，如：crowded，devoted，discouraged，done，dressed，drunk，experienced，frightened，gone，hurt，interested，killed，known，learned，lost，pleased，satisfied，shut，surprised，tired，undressed，worried，astonished，broken，completed，covered等。　

　　【例13】 Faced with a bill for $10,000，________.

　　A．an extra job has been given to John

　　B．the boss has given John an extra job

　　C．an extra job has been taken

　　D．John has taken an extra job

　　【例14】 ________，the more expensive the camera，the better its quality.

　　A．General speaking

　　B．Speaking general

　　C．Generally speaking

　　D．Speaking generally

　　【例15】 ________ with the size of the whole earth，the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.

　　A．Compare

　　B．When comparing

　　C．Comparing

　　D．When compared

　　1．使用分词(短语)作句子状语时，有一条规则必须遵守：即分词(短语)的逻辑主语应当与句子的主语一致，否则句子就是错句。　2．已经成为固定用法的非谓语动词(短语)不需要遵守这条附着规则。

　　常见的的有：considering...(鉴于/考虑到……)，judging by/from...(从……来看，依据……来判断)，supposing that...(假定……)，providing that...(假定……)，according to...(依据……)，including...(包括……)，owing to...(由于……)，talking/speaking of...(谈及……) given...(考虑到……)，provided that...(如果……)

　　难点1、非谓语【例1】 It was foolish ________ you to give up what you rightly owned.

　　A．for

　　B．of

　　C．about

　　D．from

　　【例】 To fetch water before breakfast seemed to me a rule ________.

　　A．to never break

　　B．never to be broken

　　C．never to have broken

　　D．never to be breaking

　　非谓语【例】 —What's the matter with Della?

　　—Well，her parents wouldn't allow her to go to the party，but she still ________.

　　A．hopes to

　　B．hopes so

　　C．hopes not

　　D．hopes for

　　【例】 —Would you like to join me for a quick lunch before class?

　　—________，but I promised Nancy to go out with her.

　　A．I'd like to

　　B．I like it

　　C．I don't

　　D．I will

　　非谓语【例】 It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows ________.

　　A．it what to do with

　　B．what to do it with

　　C．what to do with it

　　D．to do what with it

　　【例】 I like getting up very early in summer.The morning air is so good ________.

　　A．to be breathed

　　B．to breathe

　　C．breathing

　　D．being breathed

　　非谓语【例】 ________ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.

　　A．The president will attend

　　B．The president to attend

　　C．The president attended

　　D．The president's attending

　　【例】 —They are quiet，aren't they?

　　—Yes.They are accustomed ________ at meals.

　　A．to talk

　　B．to not talk

　　C．to talking

　　D．to not talking

　　非谓语【例】 The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft，the most recent ________ at the end of last March.

　　A．has been launched

　　B．having been launched

　　C．being launched

　　D．to be launched

　　【例】 The children went home from the grammar school，their lessons ________ for the day.

　　A．finishing

　　B．finished

　　C．had finished

　　D．were finished

　　独立主格结构和with复合结构

　　▲逻辑主语＋不定式/现在分词/过去分词

　　I send you 100 dollars today，the rest to follow in a year.今天我先给你寄100美元。其余的钱一年内陆续寄过去。

　　All things considered，the planned trip will have to be called off.

　　考虑到所有的情况，原来计划好的旅行不得不取消。

　　▲with(without)＋宾语＋不定式/现在分词/过去分词

　　With a lot of difficult problems to settle ，the newly —elected president is having a hard time.

　　有很多难题要解决新任总统日子可不好过！

　　Without anything to eat，he died of hunger.

　　由于没有东西吃，他饿死了。

　　The Yangtze river is very busy with so many boats and ships coming and going every day.

　　每天长江上各种船只来来往往显得格外忙碌。

　　Without any more time given，we couldn't finish the task in three weeks.如果不另给我们时间的话，我们三星期之内完成不了任务。

　　With everything well arranged，he left the office.

　　一切都安排妥善之后，他离开了办公室。　1．________ as the “first lady of speech”，Dr, Lillian Glass is recognized as one of the world's leading experts on communication skills.A．Knowing

　　B．Having known

　　C．Known

　　D．To be known

　　2．—Why do you look sad?

　　—There are so many problems ________.

　　A．remaining to settle

　　B．remained settling

　　C．remaining to be settled

　　D．remained to be settled

　　3．A few days after the interview，I recevied a letter ________ me admission to the university.

　　A．offering

　　B．offered

　　C．having offered

　　D．to be offered

　　4．—We didn't find the Blacks ________ the lecture.

　　—No one had told him about ________ a lecture the following day.

　　A．to attend；there to be

　　B．attending；there being

　　C．attended；there be

　　D．attend；there was

　　5．Only ________ according to the directions can the medicine be quite effective.

　　A．taking

　　B．taken

　　C．being taken

　　D．having been taken

　　6．The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if ________ whether he was going in the right direction.

　　A．seeing

　　B．having seen

　　C．to see

　　D．to have seen

　　7．—Hi，Mary.Would you like to go to the concert this evening?

　　—Sorry，Tom.________ tomorrow's lessons，I have no time to go out with you.

　　A．Not preparing

　　B．Not having prepared

　　C．Not to prepare

　　D．Being not prepared

　　8．Every student in our class had an application form in his hand，but no one knew which office ________.

　　A．to send it to

　　B．to send it

　　C．to be sent to

　　D．to have it sent

　　9．—O'Neal works hard.

　　—So he does.He is often seen ________ heavily before his teammates have even arrived at practice.

　　A．to be sweated

　　B．sweated

　　C．be sweated

　　D．sweating

　　10．—How did you get in touch with Mrs.Green?

　　—Well，it seems to me that you've forgotten ________ me her telephone number the other day.

　　A．to tell

　　B．have told

　　C．telling

　　D．being told