2016年山东省高考英语二轮复习：题型技法指导专题三 阅读理解

　　2016年高考第二轮复习英语山东版

　　题型技法指导

　　专题三　阅读理解

　　真题试做

　　(2012山东高考)

　　A

　　The Pacific island nation of Nauru used to be a beautiful place.Now it is an ecological disaster area.Nauru's heartbreaking story could have one good consequence—other countries might learn from its mistakes.

　　For thousands of years，Polynesian people lived on the remote island of Nauru，far from western civilization.The first European to arrive was John Fearn in 1798.He was the British captain of the Hunter，a whaling ship.He called the island Pleasant Island.

　　However，because it was very remote，Nauru had little communication with Europeans at first.Then whaling ships and other traders began to visit，bringing guns and alcohol.These elements destroyed the social balance of the twelve family groups on the island.A tenyear civil war started，which reduced the population from 1400 to 900.

　　Nauru's real troubles began in 1899 when a British mining company discovered phosphate(磷酸盐)on the island.In fact，it found that the island of Nauru was nearly all phosphate，which is a very important fertilizer for farming.The company began mining the phosphate.

　　A phosphate mine is not a hole in the ground；it is a strip mine.When a company stripmines，it removes the top layer of soil.Then it takes away the material it wants.Stripmining totally destroys the land.Gradually，the lovely island of Nauru started to look like the moon.

　　In 1968，Nauru became one of the richest countries in the world.Every year the government received millions and millions of dollars for its phosphate.

　　Unfortunately，the leaders invested the money unwisely and lost millions of dollars.In addition，they used millions more dollars for personal expenses.Soon people realized that they had a terrible problem—their phosphate was running out.Ninety percent of their island was destroyed and they had nothing.By 2000，Nauru was almost financially ruined.Experts say that it would take approximately $433,600,000 and more than 20 years to repair the island.This will probably never happen.

　　56．What might be the author's purpose in writing the text?

　　A．To seek help for Nauru's problems.

　　B．To give a warning to other countries.

　　C．To show the importance of money.

　　D．To tell a heartbreaking story of a war.

　　57．What was Nauru like before the Europeans came?

　　A．Rich and powerful.　

　　B．Modern and open.

　　C．Peaceful and attractive.

　　D．Greedy and aggressive.

　　58．The ecological disaster in Nauru resulted from ______.

　　A．soil pollution

　　B．phosphate overmining

　　C．farming activity

　　D．whale hunting

　　59．Which of the following was a cause of Nauru's financial problem?

　　A．Its leaders misused the money.

　　B．It spent too much repairing the island.

　　C．Its phosphate mining cost much money.

　　D．It lost millions of dollars in the civil war.

　　60．What can we learn about Nauru from the last paragraph?

　　A．The ecological damage is difficult to repair.

　　B．The leaders will take the experts' words seriously.

　　C．The island was abandoned by the Nauruans.

　　D．The phosphate mines were destroyed.

　　B

　　One of the greatest contributors to the first Oxford English Dictionary was also one of its most unusual.In 1879，Oxford University in England asked Prof.James Murray to serve as editor for what was to be the most ambitious dictionary in the history of the English language.It would include every English word possible and would give not only the definition but also the history of the word and quotations(引文)showing how it was used.

　　This was a huge task，so Murray had to find volunteers from Britain，the United States，and the British colonies to search every newspaper，magazine，and book ever written in English.Hundreds of volunteers responded，including William Chester Minor.Dr.Minor was an American surgeon who had served in the Civil War and was now living in England.He gave his address as “Broadmoor，Crowthorne，Berkshire，” 50 miles from Oxford.

　　Minor joined the army of volunteers sending words and quotations to Murray.Over the next 17 years，he became one of the staff's most valued contributors.

　　But he was also a mystery.In spite of many invitations，he would always decline to visit Oxford.So in 1897，Murray finally decided to travel to Crowthorne himself.When he arrived，he found Minor locked in a booklined cell at the Broadmoor Asylum(精神病院)for the Criminally Insane.

　　Murray and Minor became friends，sharing their love of words.Minor continued contributing to the dictionary，sending in more than 10,000 submissions in 20 years.Murray continued to visit Minor regularly，sometimes taking walks with him around the asylum grounds.

　　In 1910，Minor left Broadmoor for an asylum in his native America.Murray was at the port to wave goodbye to his remarkable friend.

　　Minor died in 1920，seven years before the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary was completed.The 12 volumes defined 414,825 words，and thousands of them were contributions from a very scholarly and devoted asylum patient.

　　61．According to the text，the first Oxford English Dictionary ______.

　　A．came out before Minor died

　　B．was edited by an American volunteer

　　C．included the English words invented by Murray

　　D．was intended to be the most ambitious English dictionary

　　62．How did Dr.Minor contribute to the dictionary?

　　A．He helped Murray to find hundreds of volunteers.

　　B．He sent newspapers，magazines and books to Murray.

　　C．He provided a great number of words and quotations.

　　D．He went to England to work with Murray.

　　63．Why did Dr.Minor refuse to visit Oxford?

　　A．He was shut in an asylum.

　　B．He lived far from Oxford.

　　C．He was busy writing a book.

　　D．He disliked traveling.

　　64．Prof.Murray and Dr.Minor became friends mainly because ______.

　　A．they both served in the Civil War

　　B．they had a common interest in words

　　C．Minor recovered with the help of Murray

　　D．Murray went to America regularly to visit Minor

　　65．Which of the following best describes Dr.Minor?

　　A．Brave and determined.

　　B．Cautious and friendly.

　　C．Considerate and optimistic.

　　D．Unusual and scholarly.

　　66．What does the text mainly talk about?

　　A．The history of the English language.

　　B．The friendship between Murray and Minor.

　　C．Minor and the first Oxford English Dictionary.

　　D．Broadmoor Asylum and its patients.

　　C

　　San Francisco has its cable cars.Seattle has its Space Needle.And，Longview has its squirrel bridge.The bridge，which has attracted international attention，is now a local landmark.

　　The Nutty Narrows Bridge was built in 1963 by a local builder，Amos Peters，to give squirrels a way to cross the busy road without getting flattened by passing cars.

　　The original bridge was built over Olympia Way on the west edge of the library grounds.Before the bridge was built，squirrels had to avoid traffic to and from the Park Plaza office building where office staff put out a nutty feast for the squirrels.Many times，Peters and others who worked in and near Park Plaza witnessed squirrels being run over.

　　One day Peters found a dead squirrel with a nut still in its mouth，and that day's coffee break discussion turned into squirrel safety.The group of businessmen cooked up the squirrel bridge idea and formed a committee to ask the blessing of the City Council(市政会)．The Council approved，and Councilwoman Bess LaRiviere jokingly named the bridge“Nutty Narrows”．

　　After architects designed the bridge，Amos Peters and Bill Hutch started construction.They built the 60foot bridge from aluminum and lengths of fire hose(消防水带)．It cost $1,000.

　　It didn't take long before reports of squirrels using the bridge started.Squirrels were even seen guiding their young and teaching them the ropes.The story was picked up by the media，and Nutty Narrows became known in newspapers all over the world.

　　In 1983，after 20 years of use，Peters took down the wornout bridge.Repairs were made and crosspieces were replaced.The faded sign was repainted and in July 1983，hundreds of animal lovers attended the completion ceremony of the new bridge.

　　Peters died in 1984，and a tenfoot wooden squirrel sculpture was placed near the bridge in memory of its builder and his devotion to the project.

　　67．The Nutty Narrows Bridge was built in order to ______.

　　A．offer squirrels a place to eat nuts

　　B．set up a local landmark

　　C．help improve traffic

　　D．protect squirrels

　　68．What happened over the coffee break discussion?

　　A．The committee got the Council's blessing.

　　B．The squirrel bridge idea was born.

　　C．A councilwoman named the bridge.

　　D．A squirrel was found dead.

　　69．What does the underlined phrase“teaching them the ropes”probably mean in the text?

　　A．Passing them a rope.

　　B．Directing them to store food for winter.

　　C．Teaching them a lesson.

　　D．Showing them how to use the bridge.

　　70．Which of the following is true of the squirrel bridge?

　　A．It was replaced by a longer one.

　　B．It was built from wood and metal.

　　C．It was rebuilt after years of use.

　　D．It was designed by Bill Hutch.

　　71．What can we learn about Amos Peters?

　　A．He is remembered for his love of animals.

　　B．He donated $1,000 to build the bridge.

　　C．He was a member of the City Council.

　　D．He was awarded a medal for building the bridge.

　　D

　　For those who are tired of doing the laundry，Samsung has found an answer：a washing machine that can tell you when your laundry is done via a smartphone app(application)．

　　Strange though it may seem—“my wife already does that”was a common response among attendees viewing the device when it was introduced at the Consumer Electronics Show(CES) this week—Samsung is just one of many appliance makers racing to install(安装)a large number of internetconnected features in machines in an effort to make them“smart.”

　　Last year，it was a refrigerator that tweeted.This year，it's WiFienabled laundry machines and fridges that can tell you when your groceries are going bad.

　　The washers and dryers，available starting in the spring，connect to any smartphone through a downloadable application.The phone can then be used as a remote control，so the machines can be turned on and off while their owner is at work or on the bus.

　　Samsung says it's not just something new—the app connection actually has some practical uses.

　　“If you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out，you can go to your phone and restart your dryer for the time when you come home，so your clothes are refreshed and ready to go，”said spokesperson Amy Schmidt.

　　The company also says that with electricity rates(电价)varying depending on the time of day，more control over when the machines are used can help save money.

　　Perhaps，but what they will probably really accomplish is what all good technologies do—enable laziness.Rather than getting up to check on whether the laundry is done，users will instead monitor it on their phones while watching TV.

　　72．What can be inferred from the common response of the attendees at the CES?

　　A．The machine will be a big success.

　　B．Their wives like doing the laundry.

　　C．The machine is unrelated to their life.

　　D．This kind of technology is familiar to them.

　　73．What can we learn about the new laundry machines?

　　A．They can tell you when your clothes need washing.

　　B．They can be controlled with a smartphone.

　　C．They are difficult to operate.

　　D．They are sold at a low price.

　　74．We can conclude from Samsung's statements that ______.

　　A．the app connection makes life easier

　　B．it is better to dry clothes in the morning

　　C．smartphones can shorten the drying time

　　D．we should refresh clothes back at home

　　75．What is the main idea of the last paragraph?

　　A．The laundry should be frequently checked.

　　B．Lazy people like using such machines.

　　C．Good technologies also cause problems.

　　D．Television may help do the laundry.

　　考向分析

　　山东近5年高考阅读理解题材、题型统计：

　　年份 篇目 题型

　　题材

　　细节理解题 推理判断题 主旨大意题 词义猜测题

　　2008 A 生活话题(电影节报道) 56,57,60 59

　　58

　　B 科技动向(手机短信报警系统) 62,63,64,65 61 66

　　C 人物故事(创业经历) 67,68,70 69,71

　　D 环境保护(少年环保组织) 72,74 73,75

　　2009 A 人物故事(捐献遗产，邻里互助) 56,57,59 58,60

　　B 生活话题(虚假广告与理性消费) 62,63 61,64,65

　　C 社会话题(提高烟税，尽快戒烟) 67 69,70 66 68

　　D 教育就业(选择经济专业，找份稳定职业) 71,72,74 73 75

　　2010 A 慈善事业(糖尿病患者建立慈善机构) 56,57,58,59 60

　　B 环境保护(如何应对包装浪费对环境的危害) 63 62,64,65

　　61

　　C 人物故事(成长经历) 66,67,69 68,70

　　D 科技报道(核能电池) 71,73,74 72,75

　　2011 A 人物故事(阿瑟·米勒生平及代表作) 56,59 57,58 60

　　B 人物故事(退休教师夫妇热心公益事业) 61,62,63,64 65

　　C 社会话题(学生贷款和大学学费上涨) 66,68,69,70 67

　　D 资讯报道(脑机接口技术的发明、原理和益处) 71,72,73,74

　　75

　　2012 A 环境保护(美丽富饶的岛国瑙鲁生态失衡) 57,58,59 60 56

　　B 人物故事(牛津英语词典编撰者不一般的人生) 61,62,63,64 65 66

　　C 动物保护(朗维尤松鼠桥的建立过程) 67,68,70 71

　　69

　　D 科技动向(智能手机控制的洗衣机) 73 72,74 75

　　合计 57 31 8 4

　　分析近几年高考试题，可以发现阅读理解题呈现如下特点：

　　1．话题新颖，题材、体裁多样

　　材料大多为时文，与社会日常生活息息相关，呈现出高度的生活化和多样化。选材真实，内容丰富，具有浓厚的时代气息，如环境保护、科技动向、人与自然等。这种关注实际生活的选材特点已呈现出明显的增强趋势。

　　题材多样，信息丰富，包括日常生活、科普、社会、文化、政治、经济、资讯、史地、人物传记等等，体现了很好的传承性；体裁以记叙文和说明文为主，对说明文的考查呈现越来越重要的趋势。

　　2．阅读量、信息量大

　　考查阅读能力的一个重要方面是阅读速度，较大的阅读量、信息量对考生的阅读技能是一种有效的检测方法。

　　近几年高考试题都保持了较大的词汇量，所涉及的内容广泛而深刻，对于词汇能力的考查也继续保持了较高的要求，为考生提供了施展阅读才能的机会和开阔的思维空间。

　　从阅读理解部分的总词汇量来看，2008年为1826个，2009年为1775个，2010年为1913个，2011年为1966个，2012年2019个；从4篇文章的词汇量来看，2008年为1134个，2009年为1205个，2010年为1221个，2011年为1201个，2012年1260个；从设题的词汇量来看，2008年为692个，2009年为570个，2010年为692个，2011年为765个，2012年759个。

　　3．语篇结构复杂

　　阅读材料基本保留了其原有的语言风格，语篇结构也有一定难度。作者在阐述问题时都使用多种技巧和修辞方法，文章的展开不全是平铺直叙，而是间有倒叙、插叙等多种方式。行文的跳跃程度较大，陈述次序富于变化，隐含信息较多，再加上阅读材料的文化含量加大，文章的遣词造句趋于地道，因此，许多文段读起来感到“生涩”，有时读懂了文字，但不一定能够立刻领悟语篇的意思，常常要反复阅读几次才能读懂。

　　4．语言难度较大

　　具体表现在语句的长度、措辞的灵活性、一定量的生词量以及替代和省略手法的运用上。

　　简单句、复合句、虚拟语气、结构复杂的长句、倒装句、省略句以及插入语等语言现象随处可见，而且多种时态混用。词汇运用要求更高，活用词比比皆是，一词多义、熟词生义现象更是频繁出现。

　　要求考生掌握的词汇量一直在增加，2012年比2011年增加了105个新词，其中大多数是与网络和考生生活相关的词汇，进一步体现出引导考生关注现实生活的命题趋势。

　　5．题型设置合理

　　设题手法更加灵活，设题方式呈多样化的趋势。题干及选项设置科学严谨、简洁精练，信息定位具体，考点分布均匀，语言表达简洁，准确。不仅考查对文中的特定信息的理解把握，又涉及文章的主旨要义、作者的态度意图等深层理解题，更加注重考查学生的综合分析和概括能力。题型以细节理解题和推断判断题为主，主旨大意题一般每年2个左右，词义猜测题一般每年不超过1个。

　　在2008～2012五年的100个题中，细节理解题占57个，推断判断题占31个，主旨大意题占8个，词义猜测题占4个。

　　答题步骤

　　1．快速浏览，掌握大意

　　快速浏览，抓住文章中心大意以及文章的结构。浏览时不要急于做题，而要注意抓住主要信息，迅速把握文章大意和中心思想，了解文章全貌。同时通览题目，研究题目要求及选项，弄清问题所指。有的问题是针对文章中的一句话设计的，有的是针对一段话所陈述的事实设计的，有的是针对整篇文章设计的。对所提问题做到心中有数，为下一步阅读做好针对性的准备。

　　2．细读全文，找准信息

　　抓住文章大意、明确解题的目标后，带着问题仔细阅读文章。敏锐捕捉隐含在文中的有关信息词和信息句，推敲其中的关键词语，结合上下文把握语句的含义，排除文中不存在、片面或不合逻辑的选项，作出正确选择。做题时要本着先易后难的原则，对于比较明显的，有把握的题可立刻作出选择；对于难题，要在文章中仔细查阅，认真琢磨，找出确凿的依据，运用逻辑推理，准确选出符合要求的最佳答案。

　　3．复读检查，验证答案

　　答案选出之后，快速阅读原文，重点放在与题目有关的词语、句子和段落上，核查答案，力求答案准确无误。尤其是感觉把握不大、选择时有些困难的题目，要对照原文与选项，看看是否一致、是否合乎情理、合乎逻辑。

　　技法指导

　　历年的高考阅读理解试题，基本上可分为四类题目：细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题、词义猜测题。

　　1．细节理解题

　　细节理解题常见的命题方式有以下几种：

　　(1)Which of the following is NOT included/mentioned in the passage?

　　(2)Which of the following (sentences/statements) is NOT true according to the passage?

　　(3)According to the passage，all of the following are true except/but ______.

　　(4)The author mentions all of the following except ______.

　　(5)In the passage，the author states that ______.

　　(6)According to the passage，when (where，why，how，who，etc.)．..

　　(7)Choose the right order of the events given in the passage.

　　(8)Which of the following maps/diagrams gives the right position of...?

　　(9)Which of the drawings below gives an idea of...?

　　如：(2012江苏高考，B)

　　Deputy Agriculture Secretary Kathleen Merrigan sees an epidemic(流行病)sweeping across America's farmland.It has little to do with the usual challenges，such as flood，rising fuel prices and cropeating insects.The country's farmers are getting older，and there are fewer people standing in line to take their place.National agricultural census(普查)figures show that the fastestgrowing group of farmers is the part over 65.Merrigan is afraid the average age will be even higher when the 2012 statistics are completed.

　　Merrigan，a former college professor，is making stops at universities across the country in hopes of encouraging more students to think about careers in agriculture.Aside from trying to stop the graying of America's farmers，her work is made tougher by a recent blog posting that put agriculture at No.1 on a list of “useless”college degrees.Top federal agriculture officials are talking about the posting，and it has the attention of agricultural organizations across the country.

　　“There couldn't be anything that's more incorrect，”Merrigan said.“We know that there aren't enough qualified graduates to fill the jobs that are out there in American agriculture.”

　　In addition，a growing world population that some experts predict will require 70% more food production by 2050，she said.

　　“I truly believe we're at a golden age of agriculture.Global demand is at an alltime record high，and global supplies are at alltime record lows，”said Matt Rush，director of the Texas Farm Bureau.“Production costs are going to be valuable enough that younger people are going to have the opportunity to be involved in agriculture.”

　　The Department of Agriculture has programs aimed at developing more farmers and at increasing interest in locally grown food.The National Young Farmers' Coalition has also been pushing for state and federal policy changes to make it easier for new farmers.

　　Ryan Best，president of Future Farmers of America，has been living out of a suitcase，traveling the country and visiting with high school students about careers in agriculture.The 21yearold Best hopes his message—that this is a new time in agriculture—will motivate the next generation to turn around the statistics.“Never before have we had the innovations(创新)in technology which have led to agriculture in this country being the most efficient it has ever been，”he said.“There's really a place for everybody to fit in.”

　　59．What is the new challenge to American agriculture?

　　A．Fewer and older farmers.

　　B．Higher fuel prices.

　　C．More natural disasters.

　　D．Lower agricultural output.

　　剖析：A　细节理解题。根据第一段第三句“The country's farmers are getting older，and there are fewer people standing in line to take their place.”可知，对于美国的农业来说，面临的挑战是农民年龄老化和人员减少。

　　60．Why is Merrigan visiting universities across the country?

　　A．To draw federal agriculture officials' attention.

　　B．To select qualified agriculture graduates.

　　C．To clarify a recent blog posting.

　　D．To talk more students into farming careers.

　　剖析：D　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“...in hopes of encouraging more students to think about careers in agriculture.”可知，她走访全国的大学的意图是鼓励大学生以农业为职业。

　　61．According to Matt Rush，American agriculture will provide opportunities for younger people because ______.

　　A．the government will cover production costs

　　B．global food supplies will be even lower

　　C．investment in agriculture will be profitable

　　D．America will increase its food export

　　剖析：C　细节理解题。根据第五段可知，Matt Rush认为我们处在一个农业的黄金时代，需求创纪录的高、供应创纪录的低，年轻人投身农业是个机会，会有益的。

　　细节理解题大多是根据文章中的具体信息，如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容进行分析才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。

　　这类题目较为容易，做此类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子，再对相关的部分进行细读，找出正确答案。

　　2．推理判断题

　　推理判断题常见的命题方式有以下几种：

　　(1)We can know from the passage that ______.

　　(2)We can infer from the (first/last) passage that ______.

　　(3)The passage/author implies/suggests that ______.

　　(4)It can be concluded from the passage that ______.

　　(5)The underlined sentence indicates that ______.

　　(6)From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ______.

　　(7)The author seems to be in favor of/against ______.

　　(8)The author's purpose of writing this passage is ______.

　　(9)The author may probably agree with/support ______.

　　(10)What's the author's attitude/view/point ______？

　　(11)How does the author feel about ______？

　　(12)In the author's opinion，______.

　　如：(2012课标全国高考，D)

　　Grownups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water.He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away.He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son.A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins “Twinkle，twinkle，little star” or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.

　　One explanation is the law of overlearning，which can be stated as follows：Once we have learned something，additional learning trials increase the length of time we will remember it.

　　In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming，bicycle riding，and playing baseball long after we have learned them.We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as “Twinkle，twinkle，little star” and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks.We not only learn but overlearn.

　　The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school，because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.

　　The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习) for an examination，though it may result in a passing grade，is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course.By cramming，a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination，but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned.A little overlearning，on the other hand，is really necessary for one's future development.

　　68．The author explains the law of overlearning by ______.

　　A．presenting research findings

　　B．setting down general rules

　　C．making a comparison

　　D．using examples

　　剖析：D　推理判断题。作者在第二段中解释了the law of overlearning，接着在第三、四段通过具体的实例来对此进行说明。故选D项。

　　70．What is the author's opinion on cramming?

　　A．It leads to failure in college exams.

　　B．It's helpful only in a limited way.

　　C．It's possible to result in poor memory.

　　D．It increases students' learning interest.

　　剖析：B　推理判断题。由最后一段第一句可知，虽然突击学习可能在通过考试的分数上起一定作用，但是对于学习大学课程来说却不是一种令人满意的方法。由此推出，在作者看来突击学习的作用是有一定局限性的。故选B项。

　　这类题目单从材料的字面意思中是找不到答案的，这就要求考生必须仔细阅读，了解文中的全部信息或事实，透彻理解文章的深层含义，运用归纳、综合、推理的逻辑思维方法，将已述和未述的含义结合起来思考，判断人物的动机、目的和性格特征，理顺事件发生的顺序或前因后果，从而找到答案。

　　3．主旨大意题

　　主旨大意题常见的命题方式有以下几种：

　　(1)The best title/headline for this passage is ______.

　　(2)The passage(or the first paragraph)is mainly about ______.

　　(3)What is the main idea/topic/purpose/subject of the passage?

　　(4)Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

　　(5)The passage chiefly discusses/deals with ______.

　　(6)Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?

　　(7)The passage mainly tells us that ______.

　　(8)Which of the following can best sum up the passage?

　　(9)What's the best/most suitable title of this text/passage?

　　如：(2012全国高考Ⅱ，D)

　　ADDIS ABABA，Ethiopia—One of the world's most famous fossils(化石)—the 3.2 millionyearold Lucy skeleton(骨骼)unearthed in Ethiopia in 1974—will go on an exhibition tour abroad for the first time in the United States，officials said Tuesday.

　　Even the Ethiopian public has only seen Lucy twice.The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital，Addis Ababa，is a replica while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom.A team from the Museum of National Science in Houston，Texas，spent four years discussing with the Ethiopians for the U．S.tour，which will start in Houston next September.

　　“Ethiopia's rich culture of both the past and today，is one of the best kept secrets in the world，”said Joel Bartsch，director of the Houston museum.

　　The sixyear tour will also go to Washington，New York，Denver and Chicago.Officials said six other U．S. cities may be on the tour.But they said plans had not yet been worked out.

　　Traveling with Lucy will be 190 other fossils.

　　Lucy，her name taken from a Beatles song that played in a camp the night of her discovery, is part of the skeleton of what was once a 31/2foottall apeman(猿人)．

　　53．The author writes this text mainly to______.

　　A．introduce a few U．S.museums

　　B．describe some research work

　　C．discuss the value of an apeman

　　D．report a coming event

　　剖析：D　主旨大意题。本文是一篇资讯报道，所有资讯报道的主旨通常体现在报道的开头。由报道的开头“世界上最著名的化石之一将在美国进行首次国外展览”可知作者的写作目的是为了报道一件即将发生的事情。故选D项。

　　这类题目要求在理解全文的情况下归纳文章要点，对全文的中心思想进行概括、总结和评价。考生需要分析文章的篇章结构，认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子或最后一句，抓住文章开头的主题句或文章最后的结论，弄清作者的写作意图，综合归纳各段要点以把握文章的主题或大意，从而找出能概括文章主旨或中心思想的标题。

　　4．词义猜测题

　　词义猜测题常见的命题方式有以下几种：

　　(1)The word “...” in the passage means ______.

　　(2)The word “...” could be best replaced by ______.

　　(3)Which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to ______.

　　(4)The word “...” probably refers to ______.

　　(5)According to the passage，the word “...” is known as ______.

　　如：(2012课标全国高考，A)

　　Are you looking for some new and exciting places to take your kids to？Try some of these places：

　　·Visit art museums.They offer a variety of activities to excite your kids' interest.Many offer workshops for making handmade pieces，traveling exhibits，book signings(签名) by children's favorite writers，and even musical performances and other arts.

　　·Head to a natural history museum.This is where kids can discover the past from dinosaur models to rock collections and pictures of stars in the sky.Also，ask what kind of workshops and educational programs are prepared for kids and any special events that are coming up.

　　·Go to a Youtheater.Look for one in your area offering plays for child and family visitors.Preshow play shops are conducted by area artists and educators where kids can discover the secret about performing arts.Puppet(木偶) making and stage makeup are just a couple of the special offerings you might find.

　　·Try handson science.Visit one of the many handson science museums around the country.These science playlands are great fun for kids and grownups alike.They'll keep your child mentally and physically active the whole day through while pushing buttons，experimenting，and building.When everyone is tired，enjoy a fun family science show，commonly found in these museums.

　　58．What does “handson science” mean in the last paragraph?

　　A．Science games designed by kids.

　　B．Learning science by doing things.

　　C．A show of kids' science work.

　　D．Reading science books.

　　剖析：B　词义猜测题。由“Try handson science.”部分倒数第二句中的“...while pushing buttons，experimenting，and building.”可知，在这个博物馆里，孩子和成年人都可以动手操作。故handson science是指“通过做事情而学习科学知识”。故选B项。

　　英语词汇具有多义性，同一种意思可有不同的表达方式。词义猜测题要求对短文中某些词、词组或句子作出解释。

　　做题时，一定要在理解全文的基础上，判断词语在文中的确切含义，决不可脱离原文进行解释，要从被考查词汇所处的语境和上下文的联系进行分析。如果出现this is，that is to say或破折号等，我们可以断定，后面的内容是对前面内容的解释；如果出现but，however，yet以及表示相反结果的on the contrary，on the other hand等，我们可以从画线词语的相反意义去考虑。

　　误区警示

　　1．细节理解题易错点

　　(2012江苏高考，A)

　　What Would You Want Most on a Desert Island?

　　This month's survey shows people worldwide have a natural understanding of what they would need most if left alone on a desert island：Another person.And one they know well.Respondents(调查对象) in all 16 countries surveyed said their spouse(配偶) or partner would be their first choice to have with them.Perhaps this makes sense：An MP3 player can't help you find drinking water，