语法专题九 省略句和强调句
一、省略
考点一 不定式中的省略
1．感官动词或使役动词（feel，notice，see，hear，let，make，have等）后接不定式作宾语补足语时常省略to。
I heard my father sing in the kitchen.
2．在由and或or连接的并列不定式结构中常省略后面的to。
I want to finish my homework and go home.
3．在某些形容词（如：glad，happy，pleased等）后面时常保留to而省略上文已提到的动词原形。
—Will you join us in the game?
—I'd be glad to.
4．在do nothing but，can't help but，why not，would rather...than...，had better等句型中省略to。
The little boy could do nothing but cry.
5．to后的内容常承前省略（只保留to即可）。但如果承前省略的不定式中有have或be的任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。
Susan is not what she used to be.
考点二 定语从句中的省略
1．在限制性定语从句中，如果关系代词that，which，whom作从句中的宾语，可将关系代词省略。
Do you know the man（whom）our teacher spoke to?
2．先行词the way（关系词作状语），time（次数）后的定语从句常省略关系词。
I don't like the way（in which/that）he spoke to others.
I can't remember how many times（that）I have failed.
考点三 状语从句中的省略
1．当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致且从句谓语动词含有be时，可省略状语从句的主语和be动词。
When（he was）young，he helped his parents do a lot of housework.
2．当从句的主语是it，谓语动词是be动词时，可以把it和be一起省略。此时构成“连词（if，unless，when，whenever）＋形容词”的结构。
Though（it was）cold，he still wore a shirt. Please call me if（it is）necessary.
3． if so/not省略句式中，用so/not代替上文的内容。
Get up early tomorrow.If not（＝If you don't get up early），you will miss the early bus.
二、强调
考点一 强调句型的基本结构
1．强调句型“It is/was＋被强调的成分＋that/who＋其他成分”用来强调主语、宾语和状语等除谓语之外的成分。it在句中无意义，只起引出被强调部分的作用。被强调的部分指人时，除可用that外，还可换用who（强调宾语指人时也可用whom）。其他情况一律用that。强调主语时，that后的谓语动词必须与被强调的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
It is I who/that am from America.
2．强调主语时，that或who后面的谓语动词的形式仍然取决于原句中的主语；be的变化只有is和was两种形式，如果要表示现在时、将来时的其他各种形式时，就用It is...，表达过去时的各种形式时，用It was...。
It was him that I met on the street yesterday.
考点二 强调句型的特殊结构
1．一般疑问句： Is/ Was it＋被强调部分＋that/ who＋其他部分（用陈述语序）
Was it Tom that won the first prize?
2．特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词＋is/was＋it＋that＋该句的其余部分，that后只能使用陈述语序。
When was it that you met the pop star?
3．在“not...until”强调结构中，由until所引导的短语或从句作时间状语时，要用固定的强调句型：It＋is/was＋not until...＋that＋该句的其余部分，that所引导的从句中的谓语动词用肯定式。
It was not until you came back that I finished the work.
考点三 强调句与定语从句，主语从句，宾语从句的区别
强调句型要注意和it代表时间、距离、温度、自然现象、具体事物或人物等时所构成的各种句型的区别。判断是否是强调句，可采用“还原法”，即把“It is/was...that/who”去掉，如果还原为一般句式后，句子各种成分完整，则是强调句，否则不是。
1．强调句与定语从句的区别
定语从句中that是充当从句的成分的，而在强调结构中，that无任何意义。
It was at midnight that I got back home yesterday.（强调句，that无意义）
It was the street that he took a photo of.（定语从句，that 充当从句中of的宾语）
2．强调句与主语从句的区别
主语从句中it作形式主语，that引导真正的主语从句，去掉it be和that句式不完整。若为强调句式，去掉之后句式完整。
It is a fact that he is an honest man.（主语从句）
It is he that is an honest man.（强调句）
3．强调句与状语从句的区别
尤其出现“it be＋时间”时，一定要区分是强调句还是时间状语从句。
It was eight o'clock when he came back.（时间状语从句）
It was at eight o'clock that he came back.（强调句）
考点四 do表强调
1．在一般句型中，do（does，did）常用来强调谓语动词的语气，在句中要重读，且需符合下列两个条件：一是句子是肯定句；二是句子中的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般过去时。此时的do可译为“真的”“果真”“的确”“确实”等。
You do look nice today.你今天看起来真的很漂亮。
2．在祈使句中，do表示强烈的请求，而不是命令，有时它可以使对对方的邀请更加客气、热情、友好、亲切，此时的do可译为“务”“务必”等。
Please do sit down.务请坐下。
1．（2012·上海高考）—Was it by cutting down staff ______ she saved the firm?
—No，it was by improving work efficiency.
A．when B．what C．how D．that
2．（2012·重庆高考）It was 80 years before Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic ______ Zheng He had sailed to East Africa.
A．when
B．that
C．after
D．since
3．（2012·湖南高考）It was not until I came here ______ I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather.
A．who
B．that
C．where
D．before
4．（2011·陕西高考）It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do ______ benefits our work most.
A．who
B．which
C．that
D．what
5．（2011·重庆高考）—Have you seen the film
Under the Hawthorn Tree?
—Of course，I have.It was in our village ______ it was made.
A．that
B．where
C．when
D．which
6．（2011·湖南高考）It's not what we do once in a while ______shapes our lives，but what we do consistently.
A．which
B．that
C．how
D．when
7．（2011·全国高考Ⅱ）It was a nice meal，______ a little expensive.
A．though
B．whether
C．as
D．since
8．（2011·江苏高考）It sounds like something is wrong with the car's engine.______，we'd better take it to the garage immediately.
A．Otherwise
B．If not
C．But for that
D．If so
9．（2016·河北保定八校联考）You ought to have thought of that，but you ______.
A．haven't
B．didn't
C．don't
D．can't
10．（2016·成都高新区统一测试）—I saw your uncle take a taxi to the airport.Why didn't you drive him there?
—I ______.But my car ______.
A．would；was fixed
B．would have；was fixed
C．would have；was being fixed
D．did；was being fixed
11．—Have you been to the Great Wall?
—Perhaps not in my memory.______，it might have been during my early childhood.
A．If any
B．If ever
C．If not
D．If possible
12．（2016·辽宁鞍山模拟）In summer，food will go bad if ______ in room temperature.
A．leaving
B．left
C．being left
D．having left
13．（2016·北京朝阳期中）—He didn't feel a bit nervous when______.
—No.He'd spent a lot of time preparing for it after all.
A．interviewing
B．interviewed
C．having interviewed
D．to be interviewed
14．（2016·福建三明期中）—______ you write so well?
—By reading and keeping diaries every day.
A．How is it
B．What is it
C．How is it that
D．What is it that
15．（2016·山西山大附中期中）—Will you go to see the movie A Simple Noodle Story tomorrow evening?
—No，I am going to a lecture，or at least I am planning ______.
A．to
B．so
C．go
D．that
16．（2016·甘肃天水模拟）Can you tell me ______ it was ______ your brother's cell phone was lost?
A．where；that
B．which；that
C．that；where
D．where；which
17．（2016·河北邯郸质检）—Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday?
—Yes，______，I'm going to visit an old friend in the city.
A．If ever
B．If busy
C．If anything
D．If possible
18．（2016·四川成都外国语学校月考）Having an outdoor meal is always fun，but it can also be damaging to the planet if ______.
A．planned not carefully
B．not planning carefully
C．not planned carefully
D．not to be planned carefully
19．Why was ______ that the old woman was sent to prison?
A．he
B．it
C．that
D．what20．（2016·江西师大附中英语月考）Mr Green didn't understand ______made his daughter so absentminded this morning.
A．how that was
B．what was it
C．why it was that
D．what it was that
21．（2016·云南玉溪一中英语月考）I would have paid a visit to you ______ possible.
A．if it were
B．would it be
C．had it been
D．should it have been
1．D 从句意的连贯看，本空所在问句是强调句的一般疑问句，陈述句的表达是It was by cutting down staff that she saved the firm.（她通过裁减员工挽救了公司）因此本空选D项。
2．B 强调的是时间状语，故用that来引导。句意：是在克里斯托弗·哥伦布横渡大西洋80年前，郑和就已经航海到了非洲东部。故选B项。
3．B 句意：我直到来到这儿才意识到此处出名的不仅是它的美而且还有这里的天气。判断强调句式的方法是将it is/was...that去掉时句式是否完整。不难看出此处是强调not until引导的时间状语。故B项正确。
4．C 句意：不是我们做了多少而是我们在所做的事情中投入了多少爱对我们的工作最有益。该强调句型强调的是句子的主语，主语是not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do。
5．A 句意：——你看过《山楂树之恋》这部电影吗？——当然了。这部电影就是在我们村子里拍摄的。根据句意和句子结构可知in our village 在句中作状语，故用that 构成强调句型。
6．B 分析句子结构可知，该句是强调句型，强调主语，not...but...连接两个并列主语。句意：决定我们的生活的不是我们偶尔做的事情，而是我们一贯做的事情。故选B项。
7．A 句意：那是一顿不错的饭，尽管有点贵。though“尽管”，引导让步状语从句，该句是省略句，补全后为“though it was a little expensive”。注意as也可以表示“尽管”，但as作“尽管”讲时，必须使用倒装结构；whether “是否”与since“因为，自从”不符合语境。
8．D 句意：听起来车的发动机好像有问题，如果是那样的话，我们最好立刻把它弄到汽修厂去。otherwise“否则，要不然”；if not“要不，不然”；but for that“若不是因为那件事”；if so“若是这样”。
9．B 句意：你本来应该想到的，但你没有。后面的句子是省略句，补充完整为：but you didn't think of that。
10．C 句意：——我看见你叔叔乘出租车去飞机场了。你为什么不开车送他呢？——我本来应该去的，但我的车子正在修理。第一个空是省略的形式，补充完整为：I would have driven him there。fix和my car之间为动宾关系，而且表示被动的动作正进行，故选C项。
11．B if ever是if I have ever been to the Great Wall的省略。
12．B 将从句补充完整为：if it is left in room temperature。从句主语与主句主语一致，且从句谓语动词为be的形式，省略主语和be，只保留left。故只有B项正确。
13．B 将从句部分补充完整为：when he was interviewed。主语与主句主语一致，且从句中谓语动词为be，故将主语及be省略，只保留interviewed。故只有B项正确。14．C 问句意为“你写得这么好究竟是怎么做到的呢？”特殊疑问句中的强调句式结构为：特殊疑问词＋is/was it＋that＋其他。本句中how 在句中作状语，故此处只有C 项正确。15．A 答语中用了不定式的省略，省略重复动词，但不定式符号to要保留。故只有A项正确。
16．A 句意：你能告诉我你弟弟的手机究竟在哪里丢的吗？此处是疑问句中的强调句式。故A项正确。17．D if ever “如果有过的话（如果发生过的话）”，if busy根据题意，是if I am busy的省略，与下文语意矛盾；if anything 意思是“更可能的是”；if possible“如果可能的话”。答句句意：如果可能的话，我将去城里看看我的一个老朋友。
18．C 句意：户外野餐固然很有乐趣，但是如果计划不周密也会对我们这个地球造成损害。if从句的完整形式为：if it is not planned carefully。从句主语与主句主语一致，且谓语动词为be ，可将二者省略，故只有C项正确。
19．B 此结构是“特殊疑问词＋was/is＋it＋that＋其他部分”，故B项正确。
20．D 此处为宾语从句中的强调句式，句序要采用陈述句序，且连词充当从句中的主语，故只有D项正确。
21．C 句意：要是有可能的话，我就会去看你了！此处表达与过去事实相反的假设，故从句中要用if it had been possible，省略if时，要将had提前，故C项正确。