托福阅读重点考察考生的阅读理解和对于信息提取的能力,是为将来进一步的学术期刊的阅读和学术研究打下基础。阅读文章中出现的长难句常是考生阅读中遇到的一大难点,而托福阅读十种题型中的句子简化题更是针对文章中的长难句进行了重点考察。所以,考生在平时备考过程中要注重句子结构的分析和主干信息的提取。要想分清楚句子结构,对于常见的修饰成分要搞清楚。所以在准备阶段,注重句法的知识积累就显得格外重要。
一、常见的五种后置定语要清楚。
对于基本的句子结构,主谓宾或是主系表大家都比较熟悉,但是对于句子里的修饰成分,大家往往熟悉名词之前的修饰成分,也就是对于前置的定语非常熟悉,但是对于名词之后的修饰成分也就是后置定语往往并不了解,或者即使了解,概念也较为模糊。后置定语,顾名思义分为后置和定语两个部分。后置也就是此种短语出现的位置是在名词之后,定语就是起到起到修饰限定作用的短语,注意是短语而不是句子,本质上相当于形容词。所以后置定语就是放在名词的后面起到限定修饰作用的短语。基本可以划分为五种情况。1,形容词做后置定语。如:fossil available.即为可用的化石。2,介词短语做后置定语。如lava on the surface,中 on the surface介词短语修饰lava,表示为表面上的熔岩。3,现在分词短语做后置定语。如the blood vessels carrying cooled blood.中的carrying cooled blood就是现在分词短语用来修饰限定the blood vessels,理解为运载着凉的血液的血管。4,过去分词短语做后置定语,the gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability中的caused by its diminished ability就是过去分词短语做后置定语修饰the gradual drying of the soil,理解为减少的能力导致的土壤的干燥。5,不定式短语做后置定语。the ability to absorb water中to absorb water限定修饰 the ability,理解为吸收水的能力。
二、句子之间的逻辑关系要抓住。
在了解了句子结构的基础之上,句子内部以及句子之间的逻辑关系也是非常重要的。常见的逻辑关系有,1,转折:but, however, yet 转折关系重在强调转折单词之后的内容。2,让步:although,though,even though,even if,despite,in spite of,nevertheless。让步关系出现在句中时,强调的是后半句,前半句被弱化。 3,比较对比:more/less than, most, asas , while, whereas。尤其注意对比种可能多个逻辑关系词柔和在一起,如既有whereas的对比,又有morethan的比较。4,条件:if, only if, except, unless, provide that, as long as。 5,因果: because (of) ,since, as, why, for, therefore, hence, thus, thereby, consequently, accordingly, lead to, as a result (of),result in, result from, reason, A contribute to B, attribute/ascribe A to B, explain, come from, so A that B,A be responsible for B等等。在因果关系中要注意区分谁是结果,谁是原因。
在熟悉掌握句子的修饰成分和逻辑关系之后,遇到长难句时,阅读句子将不再是一个个单词的累积,而是意群的组合。这样清楚地划分出句子主干后,理解起来将会容易得多。例如:TPO15考察的句子简化题。In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself. 就可以拆分为:In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels( carrying cooled blood from the flippers) run close enough to the blood vessels( carrying warm blood from the body )to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself.句子逻辑关系词为thus,因此是因果关系,且前因后果。carrying cooled blood from the flippers和carrying warm blood from the body两个均为分词短语做后置定语限定修饰前面的blood vessels,这两个修饰成分搞清楚,句子结构就明朗了。即,在逆流的交换体系里,从鳍中流入的带着冷血的血管与中从身体里流出的带着暖血的血管紧密排列,因此,热量就可以在到达鳍之前,从流出的血管转移到了流入的血管中。
句子结构和逻辑关系对于解答句子简化题和阅读文章的长难句都非常重要,所以大家在阅读文章时要养成精读句子,划分句子结构,提取主干信息的好习惯,点滴积累,调高阅读的速度和理解的能力。
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