38.1 People used to be born at home and die at home. In the old days. Children were familiar with birth and death as part of life. But now things are quite different. Our youngsters have never been close by during the birth of a baby and have never experienced the death of a family member. When people get seriously sick, they are often transferred to a hospital, where children are usually unwelcome and forbidden to visit terminally ill patients. This deprives the children of an experience of death, an experience very important to ones life.
人们过去生在家里,死在家里。过去,生与死作为生活一部分孩子们是经常看到的和听到的。但现在情况大不相同了。
我们年轻人从来看不到婴儿的降临,也体验不到一个家人的死去。当人患了重病,他们常被送往医院,而孩子们通常在医院是不受欢迎的,是不允许探视临终的病人的。这就剥夺了孩子对死亡的体会,而这个体会对人生来说是十分重要的。
38.2 It was once thought that air pollution affected only the areas immediately around large cities with factories and heavy traffic. Today, we know that although these are the areas with the worst air pollution, the problem is literally worldwide. The increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere resulting from the burning of coal and oil is creating a greenhouse effect, and raising the worlds average temperature.
过去人们认为大气污染只影响工厂密集、交通繁忙的大城市周围地区。现在我们懂得虽然这些地区空气污染最严重,但这一问题实际上却是全球性的。燃烧煤和油使大气里的二氧化碳成份增加,这就带来了温室效应,使世界平均气温上升。
39 Several years decades ago, people Now,
Today, Why do people ？
has such change taken place？
39.1 Several years ago, people were often a little surprised when they heard that a college student was doing a part-time job. Why？ Maybe he is short of money, they thought. Nowadays, it is not an uncommon occurrence that college students are working as tutors, salesmen and tour guides. Many students put up advertisements on bulletin boards or lamp posts to search for odd jobs. Why do many students show great interest in a part-time or a summer job？
几年前,人们听到某某大学生在打工,常会觉得有点惊奇。他们想:怎么啦？他可能缺钱用吧？但如今大学生兼做家庭教师或推销员、导游是常有的事了。许多学生在招贴栏或路灯杆上贴广告,想寻找一份短工。为什么许多学生对课余打工或暑假打工这么感兴趣呢？
39.2 Several decades ago, early childhood was spent playing games on the streets. To acquire academic skills at early ages was not encouraged. But now there is an increasing awareness of the importance of learning in the early years. Failure to teach children when they are young is seen as evidence of bad parenting. Hence education begins at increasingly earlier ages. Children are now presented both at home and in kindergarten with formal instruction in reading and math once reserved for primary school students. Why has such a big change taken place？
二三十年前,孩子们是在街上玩游戏度过童年的。人们并不鼓励从小多学知识。但现在人们越来越认识到从小学习的重要性。如果不从小教孩子识字等,父母会被认为对孩子不负责。所以现在教育越来越早。无论在家里还是幼儿园,现在小孩子都接受正规的教育,如识字,算数,而这些以前要到小学才学。为什么会发生这么大变化呢？
39.3 General attitude toward the market-oriented economy has undergone a great change. Twenty or thirty years ago, very few people believed that the market-oriented economy could work in our society. Now, however, it is widely held that it is the only key to the development of our economy. It is in my opinion that the second of these attitudes is nearly unsophisticated as the first. Yesterdays skepticism was based on ignorance of the law of economic growth； todays assurance reflects a misunderstanding of the nature of economy itself.
人们对市场经济的态度经历了很大的变化。二三十年前,很少有人认为市场经济在我们国家行得通。而今天许多人则认为市场经济是我们经济发展的唯一手段。而我认为,第二种态度同第一种差不多简单。昨天对市场经济的怀疑态度是由于人们对经济发展规律的一无所知；而今天的绝对肯定则反映了人们对经济本质的误解。
40 After a good many years of efforts to enthusiasm for , people begin to
40.1 After years of second-class status, smaller rewards, and lesser coverage by sports writers, women athletes are making great strides not just in gymnastics and swimming, but in weightlifting and football. Women can and do compete well in nearly every sport and draw as large crowds of plying customers as men.
多少年来女运动员地位低下,报酬低,体育记者对她们报道也少。
现在她们正在取得很大的进步,不仅在体操、游泳,而且在举重和足球方面也取得了长足的进步。妇女在几乎所有的体育项目上都能,而且也确实干得很好,她们和男运动员一样能吸引许多观众。
40.2 After years of enthusiasm for more children, childbearing is losing its appeal for many young couples in big cities. In an increasing number, newly-weds put off having children or decide not to have one at all. The latest reports show that in 1994 married couples with wives under 35 had less than one child on average, while with wives over 55 had more than three children.
经过多年的多生孩子热后,大城市里的许多年轻夫妇对生孩子正逐渐失去兴趣。越来越多的新婚夫妇推迟生育孩子或决定不要孩子。根据最新的报道,1994年35岁以下的已婚女性平均生育子女还不到一个,而55岁以上的妇女则超过3个。
40.3 After a good many years of observing human nature in action, I have firmly concluded that two qualities make the difference between leaders and men of average performance. They are curiosity and discontent. These deep human urges work together, I believe, to motivate all human discovery and achievement.
经过多年来对现实生活中的人性的观察,我得出一个肯定结论:人能成为一个杰出之材还是一个平庸之辈取决于两个特性:好奇和不满足。我认为人性中的这两个欲望,一起起作用驱使人去发现,去取得成就。
41 It is a traditional way custom practice to But now the pendulum has swung to another direction. in the opposite direction. the other way.
41.1 It is a traditional custom for Chinese old people to live with their children and their grandchildren. In this way the young people can express their gratefulness and show respect for the elderly. But in the recent decades, the pendulum has swung in the opposite direction. According to a study in 1994, 52 percent of Chinese elderly were living alone in their own houses or in nursing homes in big cities, as against nearly zero in 1954. Why are increasing numbers of the old people living apart from their children？
中国的老人和他们的子女和子孙住在一起是一个传统的习惯。年轻人以此来表示对老人的尊敬,表达对父辈养育之恩的报答。但最近一二十年,钟摆转到相反的方向去了。根据1994年一项调查, 52％的老人独住自己家,或住进大城市的养老院,而在1954年则基本没有这种情况。为什么越来越多的老人和他们的于女分开住呢？
41.2 Traditionally, young ad4iks are preoccupied with business careers, financial success, the accumulation of possessions and conformable living. But now the pendulum seems to be swinging the other way. According to the 1994 census, many counterculture ideas have entered mainstream culture. More people are defining success in terms of intangibles creativity, autonomy, pleasure, participation, adventure, stimulation, and love. Many are questioning the kinds of work society offers and the payoffs it provides. And many are dissatisfied with the traditional social identities of wife and husband.
传统上来说,青年人关心的是职业、成功、积累财富以及舒适的生活。但现在钟摆似乎转到另一方向去了。根据1994年的调查,许多反文化的观念已进入了主流文化。
许多人衡量成功的标志不再是物质方面,而是创造、自主、快乐、参与、冒险、刺激和爱情。
许多人对社会提供的工作和支付的报酬发生了疑问,并且不满足于丈夫和妻子的传统社会属性。
42 In recent years, there is a steady / subtle / significant shift of general / growing / healthy tendency to upward / welcome / undesirable trend toward
42 According to a poll study survey , there is X percent of, compared with Y percent last year. Why？
42.1 In recent years there is a steady shift of scientists from the pure to applied field. According to a study, in Beijing alone 72 percent of scientists and researchers have switched to industries where there are more jobs available and frequently more highly-paid than jobs connected with pure research. Does the trend have something to do with nationwide concentration on immediate results of economy and little interest in long-range studies？
最近几年,科学家正从纯理论的研究转到应用领域上来。根据一项调查显示:光北京地区就有72％的科研工作者转向了工业部门,那里不仅工作机会多,通常工资待遇也远比理论研究部门要高得多。这种倾向是否和全国只注重经济的直接产出,不太关心长期的理论研究有关呢？
42.2 In recent years there is a tendency towards living alone a dramatic step on the path away from the close-knit, extended families so common just a few decades ago. According to a census report, households consisting of just one person have increased to 14 percent in the past year, compared with 4 percent 20 years ago. Why are people living alone？
近些年来独身现象悄然出现。这对几十年前相当普遍的关系紧密的大家庭来说,是一个非常大的变化。根据一份调查报告,去年单身者家庭上升14%,而在20年前只有4%单身者家庭。为什么那些人要选择独身生活呢？
VI.故事法
文章开头讲一个故事,不仅可以引起读者的兴趣,且可引出文章要讨论的主题。以下是引出故事的句型。
43 Last Sunday, The other day, Some months ago, I a friend of mine The story case incident is not rare, unusual, it is one typical of thousands of
43.1 The other day, I met Miss Lee, my old classmate, who told me that she had decided to quit her job as a teacher at the end of the school year and to go into a company. She said that she couldnt make a living in her chosen profession and that not even her moonlighting twice a week could put her out of the financial quagmire she was in. Miss Lees case is not unusual, it is typical of thousands of young teachers who are quitting their jobs in search of more lucrative work.
几天前,我遇到老同学李小姐。她告诉我她决定在本学期未辞去教师工作,去一家公司供职。她说她选择的教师职业使她无法生活下去,即使她每周两次晚上出去打工,还是不能摆脱经济站据的窘境。李小姐的情况很普遍。在成千上万辞去自己原来工作,去寻找比较有钱的职业的青年教师中,她是个典型的例子。
43.2 Last evening, I went to visit one of my friends and was little surprised to find his ten-year-old daughter having an early dinner alone. Why didnt she have supper with her family？ She is going to have class in the evening school, explained her father. The case is not rare. My friends daughter is just one of thousands of school children around the city who are learning foreign languages in evening schools.
昨晚我去看望一个朋友,看到她10岁的女儿正独自吃早晚饭有些奇怪。
便问:她为什么不和家人一起吃晚饭？他父亲解释道:她要上夜校去。
这种情况并不鲜见。在夜校学外语的全市数以万计的在校学生中,我朋友的女儿不过是其中的一个而已。
44 Once in a hospital street newspaper , I saw read of learnt The problem phenomenon plight of has drawn arouse public nationwide general attention. concern
44.1 Once in a hospital I saw a small child with acute leukemia. She made the rounds and asked the adults her father, mother and relatives, What is it going to be like when I die？ The grown-ups responded in a variety of ways, some crying out, some l osing for wards. The only message the little girl received through the grown-ups response was that they had a lot of fear when it came to talking about death. How to help our youngsters to deal with the reality of death part of life that all of us eventually have to face？ The question has now drawn general attention.
有一次我在医院里看到一个患白血病的小女孩。她环视了一下来看望她的大人,逐个问她的爸爸、妈妈及亲戚:我死后会怎么样？大人们的反应各不相同,有的不禁失声痛哭,有的吞吞吐吐不知如何作答。这个女孩从大人的反应中得到的唯一信息是,在谈到死亡时他们对死都很害怕。如何来帮助孩子正确对待死,这个我们每一个人最终都必须面对的现实呢？这个问题已引起许多人的注意。
44.2 Once in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV, and the casualness and detachment our people now have developed has amused nationwide concern.
有一次在报上我读到一则消息:一大群人对一位落水儿童的母亲的哀求置之不理真令人震惊。由于这位妇女一时拿不出所要求的现钱的数目作为救她孩子的回报,最后她眼睁睁地看着儿子淹死。这种事在报纸、电视上常有报道。人们现在表现出来的这种麻木不仁、见死不救的态度已引起了全社会的关注。
45 I have a friend A friend of mine who Should Can he？ Such a choice dilemma problem we often meet face confront in our daily life.
45.1 I have a friend who lies in a hospital, slowly dying of a painful and incurable disease. Although there is no hope of recovery, the disease sometimes permits its victim to linger on for many months in ever great torment. My friend, apprised of the outcome and knowing that the hospital expenses are a severe drain on his familys limited financial resources, decides that death had better come at once. Should the family meet his demand despite the enormous love for him？ Should the doctor run the risk of providing him with the necessary drug？ Such a dilemma we often meet in our daily life.
我有一个朋友躺在医院里,他患了不治之症,在痛苦中慢慢死去。
虽然这种病无法医治,但病人要在愈来愈痛苦的折磨中挣扎好几个月。
我的朋友得知自己的病情后,考虑到耗费在自己身上的医药费时并不富裕的家来说是个沉重的经济负担,决定尽快结束生命。虽然他的家人很爱他,但是否应同意他的要求呢？医生是否应冒险向他提供结束生命必要的药物呢？
在日常生活中我们常遇到这样的难题。
46 Once upon a time was lived a man. The tale story may be apocryphal unbelievable 46 but it still has a realistic significance its underlying moral has continuing relevance now today.
46.1 Once upon a time there were a brother and sister squabbling over an apple, with each insisting on the larger slice. Just as the boy had gained control of the knife and was poised to hack off the larger share for himself, the parents said: Hold it！ I dont care who cuts that apple into two pieces, but whoever does has to give the other the right to select the piece they want. Naturally, to protect himself, the boy cut the apple into two pieces of equal size. The tale may be apocryphal, but its underlying moral has continuing relevance today. There are sane situations in which the needs of the protagonists are not really in opposition. If the focus shifts firm defeating each other to defeating the problem, every one can benefit.
从前有一对兄妹为一只苹果争吵,两人都想吃大的一块。正当那个男孩拿起刀子准备切下大的一半给自己时,父母说:住手,不管谁把它切开,但切的人得给对方选择他所要部分的权利。很自然,男孩为了不吃亏,把苹果切成一般大小的两块。这则故事有点难以置信,但其中蕴含的教益至今有用。有许多情况双方的需求并不真正对立,只需把争论的焦点从打败对手转移到解决问题这上面来,双方便都能得益。
VII.问题法
问题法句型主要用于讨论一个有争议性主题的文章。文章开头用一个要讨论或解答的问题设问,可以一下激起读者的兴趣。
47 Should What ？ Opinions of Attitudes towards vary widely / greatly from person to person . 47 Some think of regard view as Others argue believe claim
47.1 Should a scientist be responsible for his discoveries？ Opinions vary widely. To some people, the answer is negative. They think that the function of the scientist in society is to supply knowledge and that he neednt concern himself with the uses to which his knowledge or, discoveries may be put. But other people argue that a scientist has a duty to make sure that his discovery is used for, not against, society.
科学家对他的发现该不该负责？人们有不同的看法。有的人认为回答是否定的。
他们认为科学家在社会中的作用就是提供知识,而这些知识或发现如何用,他不必去关心。然而有的人则认为科学家有责任确保其发现用以为社会服务,而不是有害于社会。
47.2 Should doctors ever lie to benefit their patients to speed recovery or to conceal the approach of death？ Peoples attitude toward the doctors lie varies from person to person. Some see important reasons to lie for the patients own sake； others think that truthful information should not be denied or distorted. But in medicine as in law, government and other lines of work, the requirements of honesty often seem dwarfed by greater needs: the need to shelter from brutal news or to uphold a promise of secrecy； to expose corruption or to promote the public interest.
为了对病人有利为了加快病人的康复或不让病人知道自己濒临死亡医生到底该不该撒谎？对医生的撒谎,人们的态度截然不同。有人认为,为病人自身着想,撒谎是有必要的。有人则认为不应隐瞒或歪曲真相。
然而医疗行业与法律、政府及其它行业一样,有些东西往往比诚实更为重要。
如避免恐怖的消息所造成的后果,或必须格守保密的诺言,或需要揭露腐败行为或促进公众利益。
47.3 What does it take to succeed in ones studies or career？
Opinions vary widely. Given approximately equal circumstances, some claim the success factor is largely a matter of luck being in the right place and the right time. Others speak of utter devotion to work, combined with a degree of ruthlessness. Still others maintain that it is undoubtedly a matter of how much intelligence you have or simply how much education your mother had.
是什么使一个人在自己的学习或工作上获得成功？人们的意见不尽相同。
在基本相同的情况下,有人认为成功的因素主要是运气,即正处在恰当的地点和恰当的时间。有的则认为是由于全身心地投入工作以至于对自己近乎残忍的科度。还有人认为成功无疑取决于是否聪慧或取决于其母亲受教育的程度。
48 How do you What do you Do you ever think of？ How do you What do you Do you ever see？ In answer reply to these questions, we must
48.1 How do we think of the heavy burden a student has to carry from kindergarten through graduate school？ How do we measure success in education？ How does education affect not only labor skills but the quality of life？ In seeking answers to such questions, there is much man indeed necessity for consideration and robust debate.
我们如何看一个学生从幼儿园到大学所承受的沉重的学习负担？我们又如何来衡量一个人在学习上的成功？而教育又怎样不仅影响一个人的工作技能而且还影响到生活质量？要寻找这些问题的答案,有许多地方,也确实有必要进行思考并开展热烈的讨论。
49 Why do have . ？ Many people often ask pose the question like this.
49.1 Why does the idea of progress loan so large in the modern world？ Many people often ask the question like this. Surely it is because progress of a particular kind is actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more manifest. Although mankind has undergone no general improvement in morality, it has made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology.
为什么进步这个概念在当今世界上如此受人重视？许多人经常问这一问题。
毫无疑问,这是因为某种特殊的进步实际上正在我们周围出现,而且变得越来越明显。虽然人类在道德方面并无普遍的提高,但在知识和技术方面却取得了非凡的进步。
49.2 Why have I chosen to attend college？ Is the four-year academic life worthwhile？ I have put these questions to myself at many times in the past two years. Have I come because of parental influence, or because I have some goal of my own that I wish to pursue？ After pondering these questions on many occasions, I have finally reached the conclusion that I have come to college not for money nor for fame but for knowledge, for a better understanding of the world around me.我为什么要选择读大学,这四年的学习生活是否值得？
在过去的两年中我不止一次地问自己。我读大学是否因父母的影响？
或有自己所要追求的目标？经过无数次思考,我最后得出结论,我读大学并不是为钱、为名,而是为了知识,为了更好地了解我周围的世界。
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