要求:学会对人体各系统、器官、组织和细胞结构的描述。
本章要点:
1.表达人体结构的常用动词句型:
1)consist of, be made up of, be composed of 这三个动词短语,虽然都表示由构成的意思,但 consist of 多用于提到所有参与构成的成分时;而 be made up of 则多用于细分一种结构或该结构的某一部分时;be composed of 常用于提到构成某一结构的材料时,或用于参与构成的部分没有数量限制时。
例:The respiratory tract consists of the mouth, nose, pharynx, trachea and lung. 呼吸道由口、鼻、咽、气管和肺构成。
The intestines are made up of the small intestine and the large intestine.肠道由小肠和大肠组成。
Tissue is composed of cells.组织是由细胞组成的。
2)make up; compose 表示哪些部分组成了某个结构。
例:The forebrain, the midbrain and the hindbrain make up of the brain. 前脑、中脑和后脑组成了大脑。
The pons, the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata composed the hindbrain. 脑桥、小脑和延髓组成了后脑。
3)be filled with 和 contain都表示某结构内含有什么或充满了什么。但,前者与不可数名词(物质名词)连用,而后者则与可数名词连用。
例:The tissue space is filled with tissue fluid.组织间隙充满了组织液.
The mediastinum contains the heart, oesophagus, trachea, etc.纵隔包含有心脏、食管、气管等等。
4)be covered with 表示某器官或结构为所覆盖。
例:The body is covered with skin and hair.体表面覆盖着皮肤和毛发。
5)be attached to 表示某器官连接在或附着在另一器官上。
例:The skin is attached to the subcutaneous tissue. 皮肤连接在皮下组织上。
6)be lined with 表示某器官由衬贴。
例:The mediastinum is lined with the pericardium.纵膈由心包所衬贴。
7)be divided into 表示某结构可分为。
例:The thorax is divided into three compartments.胸腔分为三个部分。
8)be surrounded by表示某器官为另一器官所围绕。
例:The heart is surrounded by the lungs.心脏由两肺遮盖。
9)be separated from by 表示某器官与另一器官为第三者所隔开。
例:The thorax separated from the abdomen by the diaphragm.胸腔与腹腔由膈分开。
10)be supported by 表示某器官由所支持。
例:The lens is supported by the ciliary muscles. 晶状体由睫状肌支持。
2.表达人体结构常见的定语从句和后置定语短语:
关系代词which引出的定语从句和分词短词常被用来描述人体某器官由 组成。
例:This is a membrane which is made up of two layers.这是由脏层和壁层两个层组成的膜。 The thorax is a large conical cavity consisting of three compartments. 胸腔是一个由三部分组成的大锥形腔。
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