如何做好细节性的题目
细节性题目是阅读理解题中出现最多的一类问题,大约占40%左右。问题有两种基本形式:完全式和不完全式,其中不完全式的问题占绝大多数。它们的问题是这样的:
1.完全式
Why do women seem less likely to be promoted after marriage?
What did scientists learn about earthquakes at the area?
According to the passage,how did the drums differ from many other drums?
According to the passage,through which of the following does the energy released?
2.不完全式
According to the passage,the new machine proved to be .
In the authors opinion,visual and spatial abilities are good for __________.
According to the passage,women are usually good at __________.
The Suns light travels slowly when ____________.
可见这类问题大多是根据文章中的具体信息,如事实、例证、原因、特点、过程、论述等进行提问。和推测文章大意、标题,作者态度这类归纳推理题相比较,这种问题要容易些,因为其答案可以直接在文章中找到的。所以,这类问题也称之为直接解答性问题.
解题的基本方法是:仔细阅读文章后的问题,根据问题中的关键词或词组,以此作为线索,返回文章查找问题的相关句,用这个相关句来对照选项,意思一致的就是答案。
如何在文章中又快又准地找到答案:要具备这两方面的知识:
1.文章细节结构知识
一篇阅读理解文章,或长或短,都有一个中心思想。而文章就是围绕着这个中心思想展开的。支持和发展中心思想的细节主要是由描写特点特征,给予解释定义,分析原因结果,比较事物异同,提供数据事实,论述观点理由等构成的。但根据主题的不同性质,可以有不同侧重,这样就形成了不同的细节结构。
如:描述性结构(这种结构主要介绍事物,问题或倾向的特点、特征。对人物的描述如传记包括人的身体特征,家庭背景,成长过程,个性爱好,成就贡献等。因此文章中时间,地点,数据是主要细节);
释义性结构(这种结构是解释某一理论,学科,事物。主要是用例子,比喻,类比进行阐述);
比较性结构(这种结构主要是对两个事物或人物在功能,特点,优缺点,贡献方面进行比较);
原因性结构(这种结构主要是分析事物的成因,客观的,主观的,直接的,间接的);
驳论性结构(这种结构主要是介绍一种观点,然后对其评论或驳斥,分析其优缺点,或危害性,最后阐明自己的观点)。
了解这些细节结构,我们就能知道某一特定的阅读理解文章问题会出哪方面的问题,从而在阅读中给有关细节较多的注意。如例9(P.43)的阅读理解文章。这篇章文章介绍的是美国一种蝗虫:描述了蝗虫飞群的形成,形成的原因,其特点习性,给农作物造成的损失,人们对付这种虫害的方法。显然这是描述性结构,绝大多数问题肯定与特点,时间,地点,程度有关。在阅读中对这些细节作圈划记号,解答时就非常容易。
2.文章过渡词知识
文章过渡词是篇章意义组织和传达的重要一部分。由于过渡词能够表示各种语义关系,如果考生在这方面有一定的知识,往往可以借助它们搞清文章的来龙去脉,不读具体细节,也能猜上文或者下文讲的是什么。更重要的是过渡词在文章中比较突出、醒目,在查证时容易找。在阅读中,如把它们圈出,答题就容易多了。因为绝大多数细节性的问题和它们有密切的联系。根据我们统计,问题中除了问大意、中心思想的,60%以上是问细节的,而只要问细节,90%以上牵涉到原因,特点,功能,理由,事实,优缺点等。而这些东西往往是用表示各种语义的过渡词来引出的。
根据过渡词表示的语义和逻辑关系,我们可以分类为:
1) 举例
for example, for instance, as a case in point, as an illustration, such as, say, e.g.
2) 释义
that is, that is to say, in other words, so to speak, or rather, namely
3) 原因
because, because of, for, as, owing to, thanks to, due to, now that, since, as a result of, attribute to, in that
4) 条件
if, unless, whether, provided that, given, as long as, on condition that, otherwise
5) 让步
despite, in spite of, though, although, nevertheless, but, however, admittedly, it is truebut, after all
6) 结果
for this reason, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, thus, in short, in a word, to sum up, to conclude
7)比较
similarly, like, likewise, in the same way, much, as much, no more, than, just as so
8)对照
whereas, instead, however, unlike, on the contrary, in contrast, on the other hand, while, some, others
9)层进
first, in the first place, to begin with, second, next, in addition to, besides, moreover, furthermore, third, finally
10)强调
indeed, in fact, certainly, particularly, above all, most importantly, worst of all
11)目的
in order to, in an effort to, so as to, in order that, for fear that, in case, least
12)先后
shortly after, earlier, later, afterwards, after, before, once, meanwhile, since, until, when, while, the moment, as soon as
13)指示
this, that, these, this accounts for, this helps explain, thats why
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