所谓垂悬结构是指非谓语动词短语和介词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与主句的主语保持一致,否则构成一种语病,称为垂悬结构或非附着结构(unattached structure)。这是大学四级英语写作中常见的错误现象之一,严重影响对文章完整意思的准确理解。
一、四级英语写作中垂悬结构现象
1、垂悬结构不定式。To make friends, honesty is important.句中不定式短语To make friends 的主语应该是人,而主句的主语是honesty,两者不一致,构成了垂悬结构。有三种改正方法:(1) 将不定式短语改成相应的状语从句,可更正为:If onewants to make friends, honesty is important. (2) 对主句做必要改动,使句子的主语与不定式短语的逻辑主语一致,可更正为:To make friends, one must be honest. (3) 给不定式短语加上自己的逻辑主语,可更正为:For one to make friends, honestyis important.
2、垂悬结构分词。Spreading to the left, he jumped downfrom the armchair. 根据此句话的意思,分词短语的隐含逻辑主语应该是the fire,而句子的主语是he,两者不一致,构成了垂悬结构。有两种改正方法:(1)给分词短语带上一个自己的逻辑主语,使之成为一个独立主格结构,可更正为,The firespreading to the left, he jumped down from the armchair. (2)将分词短语改成相应的状语从句,可更正为:As/ When the firespread to the left, he jumped down from the armchair.
3、垂悬结构动名词。In running down the stairs, the clockstruck twelve. 根据此句话的意思,句中介词+动名词这种介词词组在句中作状语,动名词短语running down the stairs 的逻辑主语应该是人,而句子的主语是the clock,两者不一致,构成了垂悬结构。有两种改正方法:(1)对主句做必要改动,使句子的主语与动名词短语的逻辑主语一致,可更正为:Inrunning down the stairs, I heard the clock struck twelve. (2) 给动名词短语加上自己的逻辑主语,可更正为:In my runningdown the stairs, the clock struck twelve.
4、垂悬结构介词短语。A t the age of ten, my father beganto teach me Japanese.根据句子的正常意思,应该是我10岁的时候,而不是父亲10 岁的时候,故at the age of ten 的逻辑主语应该是I , 而主句的主语是my father, 构成了垂悬结构。需将介词短语改成相应的状语从句,可更正为:When Iwas ten years old, my father began to teach me Japanese.
二、原因分析及练习方法
1、对非谓语动词结构和介词短语作状语的语法规则一知半解。平时在英语学习中,许多学生不注重语法知识的学习,尤其是英语非谓语动词这一模块的语法内容更是混乱无序,缺乏准确的理解,更不要说正确运用了。非谓语动词结构作状语时的语法规则是非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词。动词不定式和分词(-ing -ed)作状语,不定式作状语表示目的、时间、原因、结果、条件、让步等方面;分词作状语表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式、结果和伴随;另外还需注意和理解分词独立主格结构(the nominative absolute construction),即若分词有自己的逻辑主语,这个逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致,这个带逻辑主语的分词短语里又没有动词谓语,不具备构成句子的条件,并且这个分词短语与句子的主体脱离并用逗号与句子隔开(独立),语法上把这种带有自己逻辑主语的结构叫独立主格结构。在此,一定不要把独立主格结构同垂悬结构相互混淆。All the grain removed, he setabout helping homeless women and to places of safety (独立主格结构)。句子的主语和作状语的分词的逻辑主语不同,分词带有自己的逻辑主语all the grain,保留其逻辑主语,为独立主格结构。Being a fine day, wed better go out and breathefresh air(垂悬结构)。句子的主语应该与非谓语动词短语的逻辑主语一致,但此处不一致,构成垂悬结构。更正为:As it isa fine day, wed better go out and breathe fresh air. 或It beinga fine day, wed better go out and breathe fresh air. 第二个更正是独立主格结构。
2、对英语非谓语动词结构的隐含逻辑主语把握不准,这是造成垂悬结构现象的主要原因。只有运用正确的练习方法,通过大量的练习,才能解决此问题。建议在练习时,先把完整的状语从句写出来,在这个基础上用非谓语动词分句取代相应的状语从句。例如:After the work was finished, theywent out to enjoy themselves (完整的主从复合句)。The workfinished, they went out to enjoy themselves(独立主格结构)。
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