英汉两种语言在表达否定的方式和手段上有很大差别。比如说,英语中否定句的否定范围具有不同的情况。因此,英语中的很多否定句都是有歧义的。在阅读时只能通过上下文来得出正确的结论,排除歧义。此外,英语中否定句的重心也是阅读中应当注意的问题。一般说来,从语法上来看,not与谓语动词连用时,是否定谓语动词的;no与名词连用时,是否定名词的。但是,从否定的重心来看,却并非如此。举个简单例子:Dont give up because it is difficult.这句话就只能理解为:不要因为困难就放弃。另外,还需要注意的是,不定代词中的every、all、both以及副词quite、always等,与否定词结合时,不是全部否定,而是部分否定,即,不是全不是,而是不全是。以上所说的都是在阅读否定句时应当注意的问题,希望大家通过以下的例句仔细揣摩,认真体会。
7. One private school served notice when it opened that no person shall be considered as eligible who shall not be moving in the circle of Gentlemen, no retail trader being allowed in any circumstances to be so considered.
分析:该句的主干结构是One private school served notice。名词notice与其同位语从句that no person shall be considered as eligible who shall not be moving in the circle of Gentlemen, no retail trader being allowed in any circumstances to be so considered被 when引导的状语从句分割。该句中no所表达的否定往往转移到谓语动词上。
译文:一所私立学校开学时发布通知说:凡属非绅士圈中者皆不得进入本校,小商贩决不予以考虑。
8. But we can hardly guess what the world will look like to men and women with several generations of communism behind them, who take the brotherhood of man for granted, not as an ideal to be aimed at, but a fact of life, and yet know that this brotherhood was only achieved by ghastly struggles.
分析:这是一个主从复合句。what the world will look like to men and women with several generations of communism behind them是guess的定语从句,what引导这个从句。该句中的we显然指后面的men and women,所以翻译时要灵活。
译文:但对曾有过几代共产主义思想的人们来说,将来的世界看上去将是什么样子,人们还很难做出推测。现在人们总是把他们之间的手足之情看作是理所应当的事,认为生活本来就是这样,而不是当作理想的目标来看待。然而,他们知道这种手足之情只有通过巨大的努力才能得到。
9. True, not everyone sees me as you saw me or even as I see myself; but deep down inside I have that marvelous feeling that comes from being an integrate whole person, not afraid of being just what I am.
分析:这是一个省略句,补全应该是这样的:It is true that 。两个as都是连词,意思是像、如同。deep down inside是but从句中的状语,意思是内心深处。that comes是feeling的定语从句。翻译该句,要从that处断开,把that从句译成一个表示原因的状语从句。省略的部分不需要增补。
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