Computer Use in School Education
Accompanying the developments in computing as a subject for study there has been a corresponding growth in the use of the computer as an aid to teaching across the curriculum. The government offer of half-price computers led to the installation of a large number of school microcomputer systems at a time when there was very little educational software. At the same time there was an explosive demand for introductory courses, at first for secondary teachers and later, when the offer was extended to primary schools, for primary teachers. It would be impossible, and inappropriate, to make every teacher into a computer programming expert.
What the teacher needs to know is how to connect up a system. And how to load and run programs. Once these skills have been acquired the much more important topic of the evaluation of. computer-based teaching materials can be addressed.
The Unintelligent Machine
Over the past 20 years the amount of computing power available for a given sum of money has approximately doubled every two years, and it looks as if this trend will continue in the foreseeable future. On the other hand, the fundamental logical design of computers is much the same as at the beginning of this period. The revolution has been one of scale and cost rather than a change in the kinds of things which computers can do. One might have expected therefore that by now we would know the best way in which computers can be used to help with the educational process.
In the early sixties, programmed learning was looked on as the pathway to mechanize the learning process. But teaching machines of the time were inflexible and unresponsive. It was soon recognized that computers provide a much higher level of interaction with the student. Responses need not be restricted to multiple-choice button pushing, but can involve the recognition of words or numbers related to the context of the subject.
In order to present information and questions to the student and to provide for appropriate branching, depending on the responses, some form of programming language is required. COURSEWRITER and later PILOT are author languages which allow someone without technical knowledge of computing to prepare programs of this kind. Text and graphics can be displayed, responses analyzed, and appropriate action taken.
A tool such as this might seem to put considerable power in the hands of the teacher and yet such systems are hardly used at all in our schools. One reason is that the preparation of course material using an author language is, like that for videodisc systems, a very time-consuming business. A figure of 20 to 100 hours of preparation is quoted for each hour of student time at the computer. Such an investment is only worthwhile if the material can be used by a large number of students, and that assumes that the necessary resources in time and hardware are actually available.
There is a more fundamental reason for lack of progress in computer-based tutorial systems and this relates to the fundamental lack of intelligence on the part of the computer. It is easy to generate drill and practice exercises which test a students ability to produce response. It is quite another matter to provide useful advice if the response is wrong. The human teacher has a mental model of the student and can make a reasonable estimate of why a particular wrong answer has been produced. The longer the teacher has been in contact with that student the better he or she is able to offer constructive advice. The kind of system discussed above has no such model of the student on which to make decisions, nor does it have access to the large body of subject knowledge which is held by the human teacher. Its responses therefore must be stereotyped and unintelligent.
上一篇: 四级冲刺练习阅读(68)
下一篇: 四级冲刺练习阅读(33)
国内英语资讯:Chinese, Russian FMs call for closer cooperation in safeguarding multilateralism
国际英语资讯:U.S. regional non-manufacturing sector continues to expand in September
国内英语资讯:Top legislator stresses Xis thought in advancing peoples congresses system
国内英语资讯:1st China-Europe Talent Forum opens to boost exchange, cooperation
国际英语资讯:Russia, Pakistan sign MoU on gas pipeline from Iran
双语阅读:美、日致力达成自由贸易协定
国内英语资讯:Chinese FM says healthy development of China-U.S. relations critical to both sides
体坛英语资讯:Djokovic beats Del Potro to win third US Open title
国际英语资讯:President Trump signs spending bill to avoid govt shutdown
国内英语资讯:Chinas participation in Russian drills contributing to regional peace: spokesperson
成名是一种什么样的体验?
体坛英语资讯:Del Potro filled with happiness by Djokovic gesture
国内英语资讯:Chinas top political advisor stresses ethnic solidarity
体坛英语资讯:Russias Dina Averina wins first two golds in Rhythmic gymnastics worlds in Sofia
因贸易战 马云收回为美国新增100万个就业承诺
阿里巴巴成立独立芯片公司 加速AI芯片布局
国际英语资讯:Egypts Sisi urges Netanyahu for peace with Palestinians as key to Mideast stability
One Thing I Experienced 亲身经历的一件事
Shopping on the Internet 网上购物之我见
国际英语资讯:Leading Bangladeshi, Chinese universities share experience in tackling climate change
国内英语资讯:Chinese, EU officials agree to enhance dialogue on macroeconomic policies
国内英语资讯:China opposes provocative actions in South China Sea
体坛英语资讯:Spain thrash Croatia 6-0 in UEFA Nations League
国内英语资讯:China backs WTO reforms, not creating new organization
国际英语资讯:Italy to boost investment in Tunisia to stem illegal immigration
国内英语资讯:China provides world with opportunities for shared development
国际英语资讯:Feature: War-weary Afghans further tormented by severe water shortage
国际英语资讯:Trudeau defends negotiators after Trump slams Canada
Whether College Study Is Necessary? 大学学习是否有必要?
国际英语资讯:Google to partially lift ban on advertising of cryptocurrency-related business