SAT写作例子整理 康德

　　康德

　　伊曼纽康德被许多人认为是现代最伟大的哲学家。康德的生平听上去是对他这位象牙塔里的知识分子一生的戏称。他出生在普鲁士的柯尼希斯伯格，16 岁的时候进入大学，在这里教书直到 73 岁，除了在这个城市 40 英里的范围内走动外，一生从未出过远门。他不到 5 英尺高，胸部凹陷，过着单身汉的生活，一生不变，据说这是为了保存他那脆弱的健康状况。每天早晨 5 点由男仆将他唤醒，花两个小时进行学习，还有两个小时讲课，写作到下午一点，然后再去一家餐馆进餐。下午 3 点半，他准时散步一个小时，不管天气如何。他在菩提树下的一条小路上散步，只用鼻子呼吸，而且这时候不跟任何人说话。一天余下的时间里，他会花在读书上面，并准备第二天的讲课。约在晚上 9-10 点间睡觉。

　　康德的写作和讲课涉及广泛的范围：伦理学、神学、宇宙哲学、美学、逻辑学和知识理论。他在政治和神学上都属于自由主义者，他同情法国革命，直到恐怖统治为止，他相信民主，热爱自由。他是莱布尼兹的弟子，直到中年他读了休谟然后说，从教条主义的沉睡中醒了过来，并得到启发，发展了一套比莱布尼兹详细得多的知识理论。

　　Immanuel Kant

　　Immanuel Kant , German philosopher, considered by many the most influential thinker of modern times. Born in Knigsberg , April 22, 1724, Kant received his education at the Collegium Fredericianum and the University of Knigsberg. At the college he studied chiefly the classics, and at the university he studied physics and mathematics. After his father died, he was compelled to halt his university career and earn his living as a private tutor. In 1755, aided by a friend, he resumed his studies and obtained his doctorate. Thereafter, for 15 years he taught at the university, lecturing first on science and mathematics, but gradually enlarging his field of concentration to cover almost all branches of philosophy.

　　Although Kants lectures and works written during this period established his reputation as an original philosopher, he did not receive a chair at the university until 1770, when he was made professor of logic and metaphysics. For the next 27 years he continued to teach and attracted large numbers of students to Knigsberg. Kants unorthodox religious teachings, which were based on rationalism rather than revelation, brought him into conflict with the government of Prussia, and in 1792 he was forbidden by Frederick William II, king of Prussia, to teach or write on religious subjects. Kant obeyed this order for five years until the death of the king and then felt released from his obligation. In 1798, the year following his retirement from the university, he published a summary of his religious views. He died February 12, 1804.

　　The keystone of Kants philosophy, sometimes called critical philosophy, is contained in his Critique of Pure Reason , in which he examined the bases of human knowledge and created an individual epistemology. Like earlier philosophers, Kant differentiated modes of thinking into analytic and synthetic propositions. An analytic proposition is one in which the predicate is contained in the subject, as in the statement Black houses are houses. The truth of this type of proposition is evident, because to state the reverse would be to make the proposition self-contradictory. Such propositions are called analytic because truth is discovered by the analysis of the concept itself. Synthetic propositions, on the other hand, are those that cannot be arrived at by pure analysis, as in the statement The house is lack. All the common propositions that result from experience of the world are synthetic.

　　Key works: German philosopher great thinker