使用被动语态应受哪些限制
英语和汉语一样,其动作都有主动和被动之分,汉语中不是所有的动词都可采用被动结构;同样道理,英语中也有不少动词不能用于被动结构,即被动语态。英语中,除不及物动词---即后面不能加宾语的动词不能用于被动语态外,还有下列情况不能使用被动语态的结构:
一、表示静态、容纳、适合等的及物动词。例如:
She has a nice car.
The woolen coat fits her well.
二、宾语是动词不定式、动名词。例如:
They promised me to go with me.
Mr.Smith wanted to have a try.
I enjoy listening to pop music.
三、宾语是反身代词。例如:
She hurt herself this morning.
They warned themselves to be careful.
四、宾语是人身上的一部分或器官。例如:
He put his hand on his chest and began to cough.
I could hardly believe my ears.
五、宾语是相互代词。例如:
They help each other in study.
We must learn from each other.
六、表示地点、处所、机构、团体、组织的名词作宾语。例如:
She joined the Party last year.
My dad reached Beijing this afternoon.
七、宾语表示行为、方式,在意义上相当于状语。例如:
She did her best.
We shall make up our minds.
八、宾语表示数量、重量、长度、大小等,在意义上相当于状语。例如:
They walked two miles.
The film lasted one and a half hours.
This desk weighs 10kilograms.
九、系动词sound,look,become,appear等也不能用于被动语态。例如:
Miss Li became a doctor ten years ago.
This plan sounds a good one.
十、一些词,如happen,take place,occur,last,belong to等等,在汉语角度看来可用被动结构,但英语只能用主动结构。例如:
Great changes have taken place in my hometown since 1949.
This car belongs to my uncle.
十一、及物动词及其宾语在意义上构成不可分割的固定词组。例如:
I made faces to have the baby laugh.
We should never lose heart.
十二、一些宾语从句也不能变成被动语态,否则意义就变了。例如:
I knew that I was wrong then.(我认识到当时我错了。)
It was known that I was wrong then.
=I was known to be wrong then.(人们知道当时我错了。)
十三、当宾语是抽象名词时。例如:
We showed special interest in science.
十四、当宾语为同源宾语时。例如:
We lived a hard life in the old days.
总之,能否用被动语态,除了应了解英语的一些语法规则之外,还要充分考虑汉语的说话习惯,掌握其普通规律,同时注意一些特殊情况,否则就会出现中国式英语,也没法学到地道的英语。
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