全面回顾被动语态(三)
五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义
在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。
1. 在need,want,require, bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
例The house needs repairing(to be repaired).这房子需要修理。
2. 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式;而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。
例The picture-book is well worth reading.(=The picture-book is very worthy to be read.)
3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. (to do与things是动宾关系,与I是主谓关系。)
试比较:Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)
4. 在某些形容词+不定式做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting等。
例This problem is difficult to work out .(可看作to work out省略了for me).
5. 在too to结构中,不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。
例This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.
6. 在there be句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动式作定语,重点在人,用被动形式作定语,重点在物。
例There is no time to lose(to be lost).(用 to lose可看成for us to lose;用to be lost,谁 lost time不明确。)
7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?
六、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义
表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之义,其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词。
1. under +名词结构,表示某事在进行中。常见的有:under control(受控制), under treatment(在治疗中), under repair(在修理中), under discussion(在讨论中), under construction(在施工中)。
例The building is under construction( is being constructed).
2.beyond+名词结构,出乎胜过、范围、限度。常见的有:beyond belief (令人难以置信), beyond ones reach(鞭长莫及),beyond ones control(无法控制),beyond our hope. 我们的成功始料不及。
例The rumour is beyond belief(=cant be believed).
3.above+名词结构, 表示(品质、行为、能力等) 超过、高于。
例His honest character is above all praise.=His honest character cannot be praised enough.
4.for+名词结构,表示 适于、 为着。如:for sale(出售), for rent(出租)等。
例That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).
5.in+名词结构 ,表示在过程中或范围内常见的有:in print(在印刷中),in sight(在视野范围内),等。
例The book is not yet in print.(=is not yet printed)
6.on+名词结构, 表示在从事 中。常见的有:on sale(出售),on show(展出), on trial(受审)。
例Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed).
7.out of+名词结构 ; 表示 超出 之外,常见的有:out of control (控制不了),out of sight (超出视线之外),out of ones reach(够不着), out of fashion(不流行)等。
例 The plane was out of control (cant be controlled). 。
8.within+名词结构,在内、不超过。
例He took two days off within the teacher's permission.
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