倒装用法归纳之一
倒装是中学阶段的一个重要的语法知识点,也是高考命题热点之一。下面笔者就来谈谈它的用法。
一、完全倒装
完全倒装是把谓语动词完全置于主语前,其中主语必须是名词,若为代词则不倒装,这种结构中谓语部分无助动词( be ,do ,have )和情态动词,但可以有连系动词 be .须用完全倒装的情况有:
1. 当句首为副词 out ,in ,up ,down ,off ,here ,there 等,且主语为名词时,应用完全倒装。如:
In came the doctor. 医生进来了。
There goes the bell. 铃响了。
2. 当表示地点的介词短语位于句首,且主语为名词时,应用完全倒装。如:
On top of the hill stands a big pine tree.
山顶上耸立着一棵大松树。
Under the tree were some children.
树下有一些孩子。
3. 在 there be 结构中,there 为引导词,be 动词之后为句子的主语,属完全倒装,be 应与主语保持一致。除 be 以外,能与 there 连用的动词还有 seem ,exist ,happen ,appear ,live ,stand 等。如:
There were a lot of people in the park last Sunday.
上周日公园里有很多人。
Once there lived a king who was cruel to his people.
从前有一位对人民很残暴的国王。
4. 作表语的形容词、过去分词等较短,而主语相对比较长,为了保持句子平衡而将表语前置时,句子的主谓也应完全倒装。如:
Typical for China is the crosstalk show, in which two comedians entertain the audiences with words.
中国典型的艺术形式是相声,两名演员用言语来逗乐观众。
Gone are the days when we Chinese were looked down upon.
中国人民被歧视的日子已成为过去。
5. 某些表示祝愿的句子也可用完全倒装(或部分倒装)。如:
Long live the Chinese Communist Party of China!
中国共产党万岁!
May you succeed!
祝你成功!
二、部分倒装
部分倒装则是将助动词调到主语前,主语可以是名词也可以是代词。通常应使用部分倒装的情况有:
1. 当句首为否定或半否定词 never ,neither ,nor ,little ,seldom ,hardly ,scarcely ,in no way ,few , not ,no 等时,应用部分倒装。如:
Seldom does he spend his time playing cards.
他很少花时间去玩扑克。
Never have I heard of that place before.
我以前从未听说过那个地方。
2. only 修饰时间、地点、方式、原因等状语时,应用部分倒装。如:
Only in this way can we solve the problem.
只有这样,我们才能解决这个问题。
Only when you told me did I know her name.
直到你告诉我,我才知道她的名字。
注意:如果 only 修饰的不是状语,则句子不倒装。如:
Only Uncle Li knows how it happened.
只有李叔叔知道这件事是怎么发生的。
3. 表示对前者的陈述也适用后者时,肯定倒装用 so + 助动词/情态动词 + 后者,否定倒装用 neither / nor + 助动词 / 情态动词 + 后者。如:
He can speak English,so can I.
他会说英语,我也会。
If she doesnt go there tomorrow,neither / nor will I.
如果她明天不去那儿,我也不去。
注意 so + 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语与 so + 主语 + 助动词 / 情态动词的区别:
前者表示所说的主语和前面主语的情况一样,所谈到的是两个人或物,意为也是这样;后者所谈为同一人或物,说话者表示同意前者的观点,意为的确如此。如:
Li Lei likes sports. 李雷喜欢运动。
So he does and so do I. 他的确喜欢,我也是的。
4. so 及 so + 形容词 / 副词置于句首时,应用部分倒装。如:
So frightened was he that he didnt dare move.
他如此惊慌以至不敢动弹。
So quietly did she speak that we could not hear a word.
她说话声音这么低,以至我们一个字也没听到。
5. such 及 such + 形容词 + 名词置于句首时,应用部分倒装。如:
Such is Zhong Cheng, a kind and helpful student.
这就是仲成,一个善良、乐于助人的学生。
Such good players are they that they often win.
他们是好队员,所以他们经常获胜。
6. 由 not only but also 引起的并列句,若将 not only 置于句首时,该分句应部分倒装, but also 引导的分句不倒装。而由 neither nor 引起的并列句,两个分句都倒装。如:
Not only did he give me some advice,but also he lent me some money.
他不但给我提了建议,而且还借给了我一些钱。
Neither does he watch TV,nor does he see films in the evening.
他晚上既不看电视也不看电影。
7. 由连接词 No sooner than ,Scarcely when ,Hardly when 引起的主从复合句,主句应倒装,从句不倒装。如:
No sooner had he gone to bed than he fell asleep.
他一上床就睡着了。
Hardly had I got into the classroom when it began to rain.
我刚一进教室天就下起雨来。
8. not until 引起的时间状语置于句首时,句子的主谓应部分倒装。由 not until 引导的时间状语从句位于句首时,主句应部分倒装,从句语序不变。如:
Not until 1998 did he return to his hometown.
直到 1998 年他才回到家乡。
Not until Father came back did we begin to have supper last night.
昨晚直到父亲回来,我们才开始吃晚饭。
注意:当 not until 引导的状语或状语从句用于强调句型时,句子的主语不倒装。如将上两句改为强调句应为:
It was not until 1998 that he returned to his hometown.
It was not until Father came back that we began to have supper last night.
9. 省略 if 的虚拟条件句,可将 were ,had ,should 提至主语前。如:
Were I you,I would go there tomorrow.
要是我是你,我明天就会去那儿。
Had you been there,you would have met the manager himself.
要是你去了那儿,你就会见到经理本人了。
10. 表示时间频率且有肯定意义的词语 often ,every day ,now and again 等置于句首用来强调时,应用部分倒装。如:
Often does he send me e-mails to greet me.
他经常给我发电子信件问候我。
三、主谓不倒装的倒装句
1. as / though 引起让步状语从句,可将表语或状语置于句首,但主谓不颠倒顺序。如:
Tired as / though he is,he is still working.
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