高考语法：陈述句与疑问句由直接引语变间接引语的方法

　　引用别人的话一般有两种方式，一种是直接述别人的原话，并把它放在引号内，这叫直接引语;另一种是用自己的话来转述别人的话，并且不能用引号，这就是间接引语。间接引语在许多情况下构成宾语从句。

　　1. 直接引语为陈述句时如何变为间接引语的方法

　　将直接引语变为由that引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后(that也可省略)。如：

　　He said, I want to buy a dictionary.

　　He said (that) he wanted to buy a dictionary.

　　注：(1) 若引述动词用的是say to sb这样的句型，则通常改为tell sb：

　　I hope you can come, he said to me.

　　He told me that he hoped I could go.

　　(2) 若直接引语是两个并列的陈述句，要注意在第二个宾语从句前加连词that：

　　He said, I am tired and I want to have a rest.

　　He said that he was tired and that he wanted to have a rest.

　　在此种情况下，引导第一个宾语从句的that有时可以省略，但引导第二个宾语从句的that通常不省略，以免误解。

　　2. 直接引语为一般疑问句时如何变为间接引语的方法

　　将直接引语变为由if 或 whether 引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后：

　　Have you been there? he asked.

　　He asked if I had been there.

　　注：(1) 改为宾语从句的间接引语要用陈述句词序。

　　(2) 若直接引语的引述动词为say，改成间接引语应将其改为ask等：

　　Do you like it? he said.

　　He asked if [whether] I liked it.

　　3. 直接引语为特殊疑问句时如何变为间接引语的方法

　　将直接引语变为由疑问词引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后：

　　He said, Jim, when is the next train?

　　He asked Jim when the next train was.

　　注：(1) 改为宾语从句的间接引语要用陈述句词序。

　　(2) 若直接引语的引述动词为say，改成间接引语应将其改为ask等：

　　He said, Where is the station?

　　He asked where the station was.

　　4. 直接引语变间接引语的五点变化

　　(1) 时态的变化。直接引语变为间接引语时，若主句为过去时态，变为间接引语的宾语从句通常要将时态往后推一个，即：一般现在时变为一般过去时，一般将来时变为过去将来时，现在进行时变为过去进行时，现在完成时变为过去完成时，一般过去时变为过去完成时(若直接引语为过去完成时，变为间接引语时，可以不变)，情态动词 can, may 等分别变为 could, might 等。如：

　　It will rain soon, he said.

　　He said that it would rain that night.

　　She can speak French, he said.

　　He said that she could speak French.

　　注：① 若直接引语为客观真理，则变为间接引语时时态不变。如：

　　The teacher said, The earth turns around the sun.

　　The teacher said that the earth turns around the sun.

　　② 有时直接引语有特定的过去时间状语，变为间接引语时时态可不变。如：

　　He said, My son was born in 1995.

　　He said that his son was born in 1995.

　　(2) 时间状语的变化。直接引语变间接引语时，有些时间状语也要相应的改动：

　　now 现在

　　then 那时，当时

　　today 今天

　　that day 那天

　　tonight 今晚

　　that night 那天晚上

　　this week (month, year) 本周(本月,今年)

　　that week (month, year) 上周(上个月，去年)

　　yesterday 昨天

　　the day before 前一天

　　the day before yesterday 前天

　　two days before 前两天

　　last week (month, year) 上周(上个月,去年)

　　the week (month, year) before 前一周(前一个月，前一年)

　　two days (years) ago 两天(年)前

　　two days (years) before 两天前

　　tomorrow 明天

　　the next day 第二天

　　next week (month, year) 下周(下个月,明年)

　　the next week (month, year) 第二个星期(月，年)

　　He said, She left yesterday.

　　He said that she had left the day before.

　　She said, Ill tell you tomorrow.

　　She said that she would tell me the next day.

　　He said, It happened two days ago.

　　He said that it had happened two days before.

　　注：以上变化有时应视情况而定，若在当时转述，now不必改为then;若在当天转述，today, yesterday, tomorrow等不必改为that day, the day before, the next day等;若在当周转述，this week, last week 不必改为that week, the last week;若在当年转述，this year, last year 不必改为that year, the last year等。

　　(3) 代词的变化。在直接引语变为间接引语时，有些代词也要作相应的变化，如指示代词this和these通常变为that和those。有时人称代词也要根据情况作适当调整。如：

　　I like these better than she does, he said to me.

　　He told me that he liked those better than she did.

　　注：若场所和地点不发生改变，this和that也可不变。

　　(4) 地点状语的变化。主要涉及的地点状语是here，它在间接引语中通常要变为there：

　　I live here now, he said.

　　He said that he lived there then.

　　【注】若在当地转述，则here也可不改为there。

　　(5) 动词的变化。直接引语变为间接引语时，有个别动词也可能需要改变，如 come 改为 go，bring 改为 take 等：

　　He will come here today, she said.

　　She said that he would go there that day.

　　注：若地点和场所未发生改变，come和bring等也可不变。

　　引用别人的话一般有两种方式，一种是直接述别人的原话，并把它放在引号内，这叫直接引语;另一种是用自己的话来转述别人的话，并且不能用引号，这就是间接引语。间接引语在许多情况下构成宾语从句。

　　1. 直接引语为陈述句时如何变为间接引语的方法

　　将直接引语变为由that引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后(that也可省略)。如：

　　He said, I want to buy a dictionary.

　　He said (that) he wanted to buy a dictionary.

　　注：(1) 若引述动词用的是say to sb这样的句型，则通常改为tell sb：

　　I hope you can come, he said to me.

　　He told me that he hoped I could go.

　　(2) 若直接引语是两个并列的陈述句，要注意在第二个宾语从句前加连词that：

　　He said, I am tired and I want to have a rest.

　　He said that he was tired and that he wanted to have a rest.

　　在此种情况下，引导第一个宾语从句的that有时可以省略，但引导第二个宾语从句的that通常不省略，以免误解。

　　2. 直接引语为一般疑问句时如何变为间接引语的方法

　　将直接引语变为由if 或 whether 引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后：

　　Have you been there? he asked.

　　He asked if I had been there.

　　注：(1) 改为宾语从句的间接引语要用陈述句词序。

　　(2) 若直接引语的引述动词为say，改成间接引语应将其改为ask等：

　　Do you like it? he said.

　　He asked if [whether] I liked it.

　　3. 直接引语为特殊疑问句时如何变为间接引语的方法

　　将直接引语变为由疑问词引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后：

　　He said, Jim, when is the next train?

　　He asked Jim when the next train was.

　　注：(1) 改为宾语从句的间接引语要用陈述句词序。

　　(2) 若直接引语的引述动词为say，改成间接引语应将其改为ask等：

　　He said, Where is the station?

　　He asked where the station was.