语法复习十三：非谓语动词2--动词-ing形式

　　 1、-ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的-ing则没有被动语态。现在以及物动词make 和不及物动词go为例，将其-ing各种形式列表如下：

　　动词 语态

　　形式 及物动词make 不及物动词go

　　 主动语态 被动语态 主动语态

　　一般式 making being made going

　　完成式 having made having been made having gone

　　 2、-ing形式的基本用法。

　　 （1）作主语：Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。Talking is easier than doing. -ing作主语时，如果其结构较长，可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的-ing后置。如：It isnt much good writing to them again. Its no use waiting here.

　　 （2）作表语：Her job is washing and cooking. My hobby is collecting stamps.

　　 （3）作宾语：①作及物动词的宾语。She likes drawing very much.；②作某些短语动词的宾语。 Mary is thinking of going back to New York.；③ do+限定词（my, some, any, the等）+ -ing，表示做事之意，如：We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. Will you do any shopping on Saturday this afternoon? ④作介词的宾语：Her sister is good at learning physics.；⑤作形容词worth, busy等的宾语：This book is well worth reading. -ing作宾语带有宾语补足语时，要用it作为形式宾语，而将作宾语的-ing后置，如：We found it no good talking like that. Do you think it necessary trying again?

　　 （4）作定语：The sleeping child is only five years old. Do you know the man standing at the gate? 注：-ing形式作定语用时，如果-ing只是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是-ing短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后，-ing作定语时，被-ing所修饰的名词就是该-ing的逻辑主语。另外，-ing作定语用时，其动作和句子谓语动词所表示的动作是同时进行的，如果不是同时进行的，就不能用-ing作定语，要使用定语从句，如：The girl who wrote a letter there yesterday can speak English very well.

　　 （5）作宾语补足语：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. 注：当-ing在复合宾语中作宾语补足语用时，句中宾语就是这个-ing的逻辑主语，可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。

　　 （6）作状语：①时间状语：Seeing Tom, I couldnt help thinking of his brother. 分词在句中作时间状语时，其前一般可加when或while，如：When crossing street, you must be careful. ②原因状语：Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday. ③方式或伴随状语：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.

　　 3、主动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。主动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用。句中的主语是它的逻辑主语，并且是它所表示的动作的执行者，如：Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel.

　　 4、被动语态-ing一般式的基本用法。被动语态-ing一般式所表示的动作是一个正在进行中的被动动作，而且这个被动动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作同时发生的。它一般在句中作定语或状语用。如：The truck being repaired there is ours.

　　 5、被动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。被动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，在句中一般作状语用。如：Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.

　　 6、-ing形式的复合结构。在-ing前加物主代词或名词所有格即构成-ing的复合结构。其中的物主代词或名词所有格为-ing的逻辑主语。这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语或表语，如：Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health. 但在口语中，这种结构如作宾语用，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格，名词的所有格常用名词的普通格代替，如：She insisted on Peters (or Peter)going there first.

　　 7、-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作主语、表语、宾语时的区别。一般说来，表示一个比较抽象或泛指的动作时多用-ing形式。表示一个具体某一次的动作时，多用动词不定式，如：Our job is making steel. She likes playing the piano, but she doesnt want to play it today.

　　 8、-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别。-ing形式作定语用时，其动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生，而动词不定式作定语时，其动作一般发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之后。如：The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well./I have three letters to write.

　　 9、-ing形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。（1）不定式作宾补时，其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，如：I have told them to come again tomorrow.（2）在see, watch, hear, feel等之后，如果用-ing形式作宾补，表示其动作正在进行中，而用不带to的不定式作宾补时，不定式所表示的动作是一个动作的过程，如：I hear her singing in the room.我听见她正在屋里唱歌。 I hear her sing in the room.我听见她在屋里唱过歌。

　　 10、-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。-ing形式在句作状语表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况，而动词不定式一般式在句中作状语时，一般是作目的或结果状语，如：Not receiving his letter, I wrote to him again./ I looked into the window to see what was going on inside.

　　练习、非谓语动词（二）

　　1. Alien said that his trip was _______.

　　 A. interested B. interest C. interesting D. of interest

　　2. We cant understand ______ a decision until it is too late.

　　 A. him to postpone to make B. his postponing to make

　　 C. him to postpone making D. his postponing making

　　3. I couldnt understand ______ at the poor child.

　　 A. you to laugh B. you laugh C. why laugh D. you laughing

　　4. Its no use______ with him. You might as well ______ with a stone wall.

　　 A. arguing, argue B. to argue, arguing C. arguing, arguing D. to argue, argue

　　5. It is no good ______ todays work for tomorrow.

　　 A. to leave B. leaving C. that you leave D. leave

　　6. The old mans ______ pity on the snake led to his own death.

　　 A. take B. taking C. being taken D. have

　　7. Its very kind ______ you ______ say so.

　　 A. of, to B. for, to C. to, to D. of, /

　　8. Some peoples greatest pleasure is ______ .

　　 A. fishing B. to fish C. to be fish D. being fishing

　　9. Remember ______ the book, when you have finished it.

　　 A. putting back B. having put back C. to put back D. will put back

　　10. You didnt hear us come back last night. Thats good. We tried ______ noisy.

　　 A. to not be B. not to be C. being not D. not being

　　11. Though he failed, he tried _______ it again and again.

　　 A. to do B. doing C. do D. done.

　　12. Youll regret ______ those words. You may hurt her feelings.

　　 A. say B. to say C. having said D. to have said

　　13. You can keep the book until you ______ .

　　 A. have finished reading B. finish to read

　　 C. will finish reading D. have finished to read

　　14. We are looking forward to ______ another chance ______ it again.

　　 A. be given, to try B. give, to try .C. giving, trying D. having, to try

　　15. Most of the students enjoy_____ stamps.

　　 A. collect B. to collect C. collecting D. collected

　　16. Excuse me for _____ in without ______.

　　 A. coming, asking B. coming, being asked C. to come, asking D. to come, being asked

　　17. People couldnt help ______ the foolish girl.

　　 A. laugh at B. to laugh at C. laughing at D. laughing :

　　18. What do you think of the book? Oh. excellent, its worth _______ a second time.

　　 A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read

　　19. I usually go there by train. Why not ______ by boat for a change?

　　 A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going

　　20. I was too excited ______ .

　　 A. speak B. to speak C. not to speak D. speaking

　　21. Charles Babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer.

　　 A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented

　　22. It is no use _____to come now. He is busy.

　　 A. ask him B. to ask him C. that you ask him D. asking him

　　23. The murder was brought in, with his hands _______ behind his back.

　　 A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied

　　24. Mrs Smith warned her daughter ____ after drinking.

　　 A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive.

　　25. The computer centre, ______ last year is very popular among the students in this school.

　　 A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened.

　　26. Do you know the boy _______ under the big tree?

　　 A. lay B. lain C. laying D. lying

　　27. Most of the artists ______ to the party were from South Africa.

　　 A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited

　　28. English is a language ______ in many countries.

　　 A. spoken B. speaking C. be spoken D. to speak

　　29. Can you read? Mary said to the notice.

　　 A. angrily, pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily, pointed D. and angrily pointing

　　30. There was a terrible noise _______ the sudden burst of Tight.

　　 A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed

　　31. ____ more attention, the trees could have grown better.

　　 A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given

　　32. _____their students, the famous teacher came into the hall.

　　 A. Followed B. Followed by

　　 C. Being followed D. Having been followed

　　33. Your flat needs _____ . Would you like me it for you?

　　 A. to clean, to do B. cleaning, doing C. cleaning, to do D. to be cleaned, doing

　　34. Does your new secretary ____ short hand?

　　 A. know to take B. know how to take C. know how take D. know how taking

　　35. Tommy had his big brother _____ his shoes for him.

　　 A. to tie B. tie C. tied D. tying

　　36. Would you please ______ write on the textbooks?

　　 A. dont B. not to C. not D. to not

　　37. Id ______ the operation unless it is absolutely necessary.

　　 A. rather not have B. rather not to have C. not rather had D. rather not having

　　38. Your mother and I are looking forward________ you.

　　 A. of seeing B. for seeing C. to see D. to seeing

　　39. The girl couldnt_____ how red his face was.

　　 A. help to notice B. be helping to notice C. be helping noticing D. help noticing

　　40. Excuse me, but it is time to have your temperature ______.

　　 A. taking B. to take C. take D. taken

　　语法复习十三：非谓语动词（二）--动词-ing形式

　　1~5 CDDAB 6~10 BAACB 11~15 BCADC 16~20 BCCDB 21~25 CDDAD

　　26~30 DAAAB 31~35 ABCBB 36~40 CADDD

　（二）-ing形式：动词的-ing形式也是一种非谓语动词。-ing形式仍保留有动词的特征，可以带有其所需要的宾语或状语而构成-ing短语。

　　 1、-ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的-ing则没有被动语态。现在以及物动词make 和不及物动词go为例，将其-ing各种形式列表如下：

　　动词 语态

　　形式 及物动词make 不及物动词go

　　 主动语态 被动语态 主动语态

　　一般式 making being made going

　　完成式 having made having been made having gone

　　 2、-ing形式的基本用法。

　　 （1）作主语：Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。Talking is easier than doing. -ing作主语时，如果其结构较长，可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的-ing后置。如：It isnt much good writing to them again. Its no use waiting here.

　　 （2）作表语：Her job is washing and cooking. My hobby is collecting stamps.

　　 （3）作宾语：①作及物动词的宾语。She likes drawing very much.；②作某些短语动词的宾语。 Mary is thinking of going back to New York.；③ do+限定词（my, some, any, the等）+ -ing，表示做事之意，如：We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. Will you do any shopping on Saturday this afternoon? ④作介词的宾语：Her sister is good at learning physics.；⑤作形容词worth, busy等的宾语：This book is well worth reading. -ing作宾语带有宾语补足语时，要用it作为形式宾语，而将作宾语的-ing后置，如：We found it no good talking like that. Do you think it necessary trying again?

　　 （4）作定语：The sleeping child is only five years old. Do you know the man standing at the gate? 注：-ing形式作定语用时，如果-ing只是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是-ing短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后，-ing作定语时，被-ing所修饰的名词就是该-ing的逻辑主语。另外，-ing作定语用时，其动作和句子谓语动词所表示的动作是同时进行的，如果不是同时进行的，就不能用-ing作定语，要使用定语从句，如：The girl who wrote a letter there yesterday can speak English very well.

　　 （5）作宾语补足语：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. 注：当-ing在复合宾语中作宾语补足语用时，句中宾语就是这个-ing的逻辑主语，可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。

　　 （6）作状语：①时间状语：Seeing Tom, I couldnt help thinking of his brother. 分词在句中作时间状语时，其前一般可加when或while，如：When crossing street, you must be careful. ②原因状语：Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday. ③方式或伴随状语：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.

　　 3、主动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。主动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用。句中的主语是它的逻辑主语，并且是它所表示的动作的执行者，如：Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel.

　　 4、被动语态-ing一般式的基本用法。被动语态-ing一般式所表示的动作是一个正在进行中的被动动作，而且这个被动动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作同时发生的。它一般在句中作定语或状语用。如：The truck being repaired there is ours.

　　 5、被动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。被动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，在句中一般作状语用。如：Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.

　　 6、-ing形式的复合结构。在-ing前加物主代词或名词所有格即构成-ing的复合结构。其中的物主代词或名词所有格为-ing的逻辑主语。这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语或表语，如：Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health. 但在口语中，这种结构如作宾语用，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格，名词的所有格常用名词的普通格代替，如：She insisted on Peters (or Peter)going there first.

　　 7、-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作主语、表语、宾语时的区别。一般说来，表示一个比较抽象或泛指的动作时多用-ing形式。表示一个具体某一次的动作时，多用动词不定式，如：Our job is making steel. She likes playing the piano, but she doesnt want to play it today.

　　 8、-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别。-ing形式作定语用时，其动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生，而动词不定式作定语时，其动作一般发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之后。如：The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well./I have three letters to write.

　　 9、-ing形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。（1）不定式作宾补时，其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，如：I have told them to come again tomorrow.（2）在see, watch, hear, feel等之后，如果用-ing形式作宾补，表示其动作正在进行中，而用不带to的不定式作宾补时，不定式所表示的动作是一个动作的过程，如：I hear her singing in the room.我听见她正在屋里唱歌。 I hear her sing in the room.我听见她在屋里唱过歌。

　　 10、-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。-ing形式在句作状语表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况，而动词不定式一般式在句中作状语时，一般是作目的或结果状语，如：Not receiving his letter, I wrote to him again./ I looked into the window to see what was going on inside.