高一下学期语法重难点集汇
(一) 主谓一致
主谓一致是指一个句子的主语和谓语动词保持数的一致关系。一个句子中主谓一致,通常指三个基本原则:语法一致,即形式上一致;概念一致,即概念或意念上的一致;毗邻一致,即谓语动词的形式与邻近的名词一致。
一、 语法一致原则
1、 在通常情况下,一个句子的主语和谓语在语法形式上保持一致。即主语为单数形式,谓语也为单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语也为复数形式。如:
This exercise on English idioms is not easy.这个英语短语练习不容易。
2、 在there be结构中, be的单复数取决与后面主语的数.如:
There has been little change in this city.这个城市没有多少变化。
3、one of结构,位于用单数,two of结构位于用复数
One of the things I want to do is traveling.我想做的一件事是去旅行。
Two of the boys have lost their way home.有两个男孩回家迷路了。
3、 倒装句的主语在谓语之后,避免误用。
Never before has she been to Paris!她以前从未去过巴黎。
二、 概念一致
1、 主语是抽象概念、短语或从句,谓语用单数形式。如:
To tell lies is wrong.说谎是不正确的。(不定式做主语)
Keeping the house is a tiring job.管理家务是一件很劳累的事。(动名词做主语)
How this happened is not clear to anyone.(从句做主语)
注意:
(1) 用what或which引导的主语从句或简单句中的数的概念取决于后面的表语,因为它们在逻辑上的意义是相同的。如:
Which is your seat?你的座位是哪一个?
Which are your seats?你们的座位是哪些?
(2) 单个的分词作主语,不定式作主语,以及主语从句,谓语都用单数,若用连接上述的相同两个成分,谓语才用复数。
2、 两个或两个以上的主语用and和both连接时,谓语用复数形式。
3、 and连接的并列主语指同一人或同一样东西,and后的名词前没有冠词,谓语用单数;若有,则用复数。如:
My best friend and adviser has changed his mind again.我的密友兼顾问又改变他的想法了。
My friend and the student Sue are in the classroom.我的朋友和那位叫苏的同学在教室里。
a. 若and后面加not,谓语用单数。如:
Lilei,and not I, has won the game.是 Lilei赢了比赛,而不是我。
b. 用and 连接的单数主语,前面有each,every,many a,no等词修饰时,谓语用单数。
c. 复数主语前加each,谓语仍用复数。
d. no后面名词为单数,谓语用单数;后为复数,谓语用复数。
三、 毗邻一致
由not onlybut also,neithernor,eitheror,or 连接的并列主语,在肯定句中谓语变化取决于后面的饿主语,在疑问句中取决于前面的主语。如;
Either he or I am mistaken.他和我都没错。
Either he or you are to go there.不是他就是你要到那儿去。
(详见高一下册P155~P156)
(二) 虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议,而不是事实。虚拟语气是通过句中的谓语动词的特殊形式来表现的,因此,掌握虚拟语气中的各种谓语动词的形式变化,是掌握虚拟语气的关键。
一、 虚拟语气在简单句中的用法
虚拟语气用于简单句中,一般表示祝愿、命令等。谓语动词要用原形。
二、 虚拟语气在主从复合句中的用法
(1) 在状语从句中的用法
1、 条件句中的用法
虚拟语气的条件句是用谓语动词的特殊形式来表现与现在、过去事实相反的情况或对将来发生的情况表示怀疑,和直陈语气条件句中的谓语动词形式以及表达的含义完全不同。虚拟语气条件句中所用的谓语动词的过去时、过去完成时、过去将来时等,只表示不同的虚拟语气,和直陈语气的过去时、过去完成时、过去将来时等毫无关系。
现将虚拟语气的各种具体形式和用法分述如下;
a. 表示与现在事实相反的情况
①形式
条件从句的动词形式 主句的动词形式
If I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+行为动词的过去式(be的过去式一般用were) I (we) should
You (he,she , +动词原形或:
they,it ) would
所有人称+might(could)+动词原形
②用法:
If I had more time, I should study German.(fact:I have no more time, so I shall not study German. )
If she were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.(fact:she is very busy, so she will not attend the meeting this afternoon.)
If they didnt take physical exercises every day, they wouldnt be so healthy.(fact: they take physical exercises every day, so they are very healthy.)
b. 表示与过去誓死相反的情况
①形式;
条件从句的动词形式 主句的动词形式
If I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+had+过去分词 I (we) should
You (he,she , +have+过去分词或:
they,it ) would
所有人称+could(might)+have+过去分词
②用法:
I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterdays examination.(fact:I had no more time at yesterdays exam, so I didnt check my paper again)
You would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in good time.(fact: He didnt see the doctor in good time ,so he hasnt recovered from his illness )
c. 表示与将来事实相反的情况
①形式:
条件从句的动词形式 主句的动词形式
a. If I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+行为动词的过去式(be的过去式一般用were)通常要与一个表将来的时间的状语连用
b. If (we,you,he,she,it,they)+should
+动词原形
c. If I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+were to+动词原形 I (we) should
You would +动词原形或:
he(she,it ) would
they would
I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+could(might)+动词原形
②用法:
If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off.(The weather has been changeable these days.)
If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.( The weather has beenvery good these days.)
If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.(That would be out of our expectation.)
If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. (条件从句谓语动词用were to +动词原形,表示 下雨的可能性极小。Were to rain和should rain 都表示出乎意料之外,但were to加强表示当初没想到以后的事)
c. 混合时间条件句的用法:
有时条件从句的动作和主句动作发生的 时间不一致。这时动词的形式,应根据它所要表达的具体时间来决定用什么形式。
1) If she hadnt trained so hard, she wouldnt be run so fast.(从句叙述过去,主句叙述现在。)
(fact: she has trained very hard, so she would able to run fast.)
2)You would speak English well enough if you had practised reading and speaking it every day.(主句叙述现在,从句叙述过去)
(fact: You didnt practice (hasnt practiced ) reading and speaking it every day, so you cant speak English well enough.)
2、 在其他状语从句中的用法
主要用于由as if (as though) 引导的比较状语从句,从句中谓语动词一般用动词的过去式(be 变were )或had +过去分词。
如:
She looked as if she were ill.(实际上她没有病,在这里用虚拟语气补语比喻她精神不佳)
Xiao Liu speaks English so well as if he had studied in England.(这里用虚拟语气表现他的 英语说得好)
(2)、在主语从句中的用法:
通常由形式主语it引出的主语从句来表达。主语从句中,谓语动词用should+动词原形表示必要重要奇怪等意思。
It is necessary that you should clean the workshop after work.下班后你必须清扫车间。
It is important that we should ask advice of other people about our work.在工作中,征求别人的意见是很重要的。
(3) 在宾语从句中的用法(详见《高一上学期英语语法重难点集汇》) 高一下学期语法重难点集汇
(一) 主谓一致
主谓一致是指一个句子的主语和谓语动词保持数的一致关系。一个句子中主谓一致,通常指三个基本原则:语法一致,即形式上一致;概念一致,即概念或意念上的一致;毗邻一致,即谓语动词的形式与邻近的名词一致。
一、 语法一致原则
1、 在通常情况下,一个句子的主语和谓语在语法形式上保持一致。即主语为单数形式,谓语也为单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语也为复数形式。如:
This exercise on English idioms is not easy.这个英语短语练习不容易。
2、 在there be结构中, be的单复数取决与后面主语的数.如:
There has been little change in this city.这个城市没有多少变化。
3、one of结构,位于用单数,two of结构位于用复数
One of the things I want to do is traveling.我想做的一件事是去旅行。
Two of the boys have lost their way home.有两个男孩回家迷路了。
3、 倒装句的主语在谓语之后,避免误用。
Never before has she been to Paris!她以前从未去过巴黎。
二、 概念一致
1、 主语是抽象概念、短语或从句,谓语用单数形式。如:
To tell lies is wrong.说谎是不正确的。(不定式做主语)
Keeping the house is a tiring job.管理家务是一件很劳累的事。(动名词做主语)
How this happened is not clear to anyone.(从句做主语)
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