高中英语语法 省略

　　省略

　　简单句中的省略

　　1、省略主语 祈使句中主语通常省略;其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。

　　(1) (I) Thank you for your help.

　　(2) (I) See you tomorrow.

　　(3) (It) Doesnt matter.

　　(4) (I) Beg your pardon

　　2、省略主谓或主谓语的一部分

　　(1) (There is) No smoking .

　　(2) (Is there) Anything wrong ?

　　(3) (Will you) Have a smoke ?

　　(4) What/How (do you think) about a cup of tea ?

　　(5) Why (do you) not say hello to him ?

　　3、省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to，但如果该宾语是动词be或完成时态，则须在之后加上be或have:

　　(1) Are you going there? --Yes, Id like to (go there).

　　(2) He didnt give me the chance, though he had promised to (give me the chance).

　　(3) Are you an engineer? --No, but I want to be.

　　(4) He hasnt finished the task yet. --Well, he ought to have.

　　4、省略表语

　　(1) Are you thirsty? --Yes, I am (thirsty).

　　(2) His brother isnt lazy, nor is his sister (lazy).

　　5、同时省略几个成分

　　(1) Lets meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday.

　　(2) -Have you finished your work ?

　　---(I have) Not (finished my work) yet.

　　主从复合句中的省略

　　1、主句中有一些成分被省略

　　(1) ( Im ) Sorry to hear you are ill.

　　(2) ( Its a ) Pity that he missed such a good chance.

　　2、主句中有一些成分被省略

　　(1) Is he coming back tonight? --I think so.

　　(2) She must be busy now? --If so, she cant go with us.

　　(3) Is she feeling better today? --Im afraid not.

　　(4) Do you think he will attend the meeting? --I guess not.

　　这种用法常见的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so.及I suppose/believe/hope not.

　　并列句中的省略

　　两个并列句中，后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。

　　(1) My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.

　　(2) I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school.

　　(3) When summer comes, the day is getting longer and longer, and the night (is getting) shorter and shorter.

　　其他省略

　　1、连词的that省略

　　(1)宾语从句中常省略连词that，但也有不能省略的情况。

　　(2) 在定语从句中，that在从句中作宾语时可省略.另外，凡是进行时态和被动语态的定语从句都可省略关系代词和be 动词。

　　2、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可省去主语+be部分

　　(1) When (he was) still a boy of 10, he had to work day and night.

　　(2) She tried her best though (she was) rather poor in health.

　　(3) If (you are) asked you may come in.

　　(4) If (it is) necessary Ill explain to you again.

　　3、不定式符号to的省略

　　(1) 并列的不定式可省去后面的 to.

　　I told him to sit down and wait for a moment.

　　(2) help 当帮助讲时，后面的宾语或宾补的不定式符号to可带可不带.

　　I will help (to) do it for you.

　　I will help you (to) do it.

　　(3)介词but前若有动词do,后面的不定式不带 to.

　　The boy did nothing but play.

　　(4) 某些使役动词(let, make, have)及感官动词(see, watch, hear, notice, observe, feel, look at, listen to等)后面作宾语补足语的不定式一定要省去 to, 但在被动语态中须将to 复原。

　　I saw the boy fall from the tree.

　　The boy was seen to fall from the tree.

　　The boss made us work 12 hours a day.

　　We were made to work 12 hours a day.

　　(5) 主语从句中有动词do,后面作表语的不定式的 to可带可不带。

　　All we can do now is (to) wait.

　　(6) find 当发现讲时，后面作宾语补足语的不定式符号to可带可不带。

　　We found him (to) work very hard at the experiment.

　　但如果是不定式 to be，则不能省略。

　　She found him to be dishonest.

　　4、连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序有变化。

　　(1) Had they time, they would certainly come and help us.

　　(2) Were I you, I would do the work better.

　　(3)Should there be a flood, what should we do?

　　5、主句和从句各有一些成分省略。

　　The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).

　　●难点磁场

　　1.(★★★★)John plays football________,if not better than,David.

　　A.as well B.as well as

　　C.so well D.so well as

　　2.(★★★★★)If you go to Xian ,youll find the places there more magnificent than commonly________.

　　A.supposing B.supposed

　　C.to suppose D.suppose

　　3.(★★★★)What do you think made Mary so upset?

　　________ her bicycle.

　　A.As she lost B.Lost

　　C.Losing D.Because of losing

　　4.(★★★★★)I thought her nice and honest________ I met her.

　　A.first time B.for the first time

　　C.the first time D.by the first time

　　5.(★★★★)Boris has brains.In fact,I doubt whether anyone in the class has________IQ. (NMET 2002)

　　A.a high B.a higher

　　C.the higher D.the highest

　　6.(★★★★)You should have thanked her before she left.

　　I meant________,but when I was leaving I couldnt find her anywhere.

　　(2002年上海春季)

　　A.to do B.to

　　C.doing D.doing so

　　●案例探究

　　1.Do you think its going to rain over the weekend?

　　________.

　　A.I dont believe B.I dont believe it

　　C.I believe not so D.I believe not

　　命题意图：此题考查not在宾语从句中的替代性省略。此题属四星级题。

　　知识依托：so可代替某些动词后的宾语从句，但绝不能用it或that。这些常用的动词有：believe,be afraid,expect,hope,imagine,suppose等。例：

　　Is she going to the party tonight?

　　I think so./I hope so.

　　其否定有两种：①动词用否定结构。

　　②用not代替so。

　　又如：Do you think he will pass the exam?

　　I dont think so./I think not.前者更常用。

　　错解分析：A项应为I dont believe so。

　　C项否定也应否定谓语。

　　解题方法与技巧：根据具体语言环境，正确运用表达观点的方法。

　　答案：D

　　2.________ for the free ticket,I would not have gone to the films so often.

　　A.If it is not B.Were it not

　　C.Had it not been D.If there were to

　　命题意图：旨在考查虚拟条件中if的省略。此题属五星级题。

　　知识依托：跟过去事实相反的虚拟条件句结构为If+主语+had+过去分词，主语+would/could/might do当if省略时，将had提主句首，即

　　Had+主语+过去分词，主语+would/could/might do

　　错解分析：A项不是虚拟语气结构。

　　B项是跟现在事实相反的虚拟条件句。

　　D项是跟将来事实相反的虚拟条件句。

　　解题方法与技巧：从题干的后一句话入手，可看出I would not have gone to是跟过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，故答案为C。译为：要不是因为票是免费的，我也就不会经常去看电影了。

　　答案：C

　　3.You ought to have given them some advice.

　　________,but who cared what I asked?

　　A.So it was B.So I ought to have

　　C.So I did D.So I ought to

　　命题意图：考查ought to后作宾语的不定式的省略。此题属五星级题。

　　知识依托：ought to, want, hope等动词后可省略作宾语的不定式短语，但该宾语若是be动词或动词的完成时，则需在to后加be或have。

　　Are you a soldier?

　　No,but,wish to be(a soldier).

　　答案：B

　　4.The research is so designed that once________ nothing can be done to change it.

　　(NMET 2002)

　　A.begins B.having begun

　　C.beginning D.begun

　　命题意图：此题考查省略在状语从句中的应用。此题属四星级题。

　　知识依托：当主句的主语和状语从句主句一致(或从句主语为it),且从句中含be,可把从句的主语和be一起省略，例：

　　I wonder why he didnt do as(he was) told to.

　　错解分析：A、B、C项都为主动，而research应是由人启动的，应用被动。

　　解题方法与技巧：此类词，应分清主、被动关系。

　　答案：D

　　●锦囊妙计

　　掌握好省略句，应注意以下几条：

　　1.感官动词或使役动词(如：notice,hear,let,make)等后接不定式作宾补时省略to,被动时to不能省略。

　　2.在prefer to do rather than,cannot help butdo, nothing but等句型中常省略to。

　　3.为避免重复，作某些动词(hope,want)等宾语或(tell,order,ask)的宾补时，省略不定式短语，只保留不定式符号to。

　　4.应注意状语从句、定语从句中的省略。

　　状语从句中，如果谓语含动词be,主语又与主句主语一致或主语是it,从句中主语和be一齐省略。

　　5.注意not ,so ,neither, nor的替代性省略。

　　●歼灭难点训练

　　1.(★★★★)Tom fell down from the ladder.I think his right leg is broken.

　　Oh,I________.

　　A.hope not to B.hope not

　　C.hope not so D.dont hope

　　2.(★★★★)If________ the same treatment again,hes sure to get well.

　　A.giving B.give

　　C.given D.being given

　　3.(★★★★★)Arent you the manager?

　　No,and I________.

　　A.dont want to B.dont want to be

　　C.dont want be D.dont want

　　4.(★★★★)While________ for the bus,I met an old friend of mine.

　　A.waited B.waiting

　　C.wait D.to wait

　　5.(★★★★)I dont like the way________ he speaks to his mother.

　　A.which B.in that

　　C. D.on which

　　6.(★★★★)They had nothing to do but________.

　　A.to wait B.waiting

　　C.waited D.wait

　　7.(★★★★★)Children must be taught to act with good manners when________.

　　A.speaking to B.spoken to

　　C.are speaking D.spoken of

　　8.(★★★★)Have you cleaned the room?

　　No,but________.

　　A.Im B.I am

　　C.Im just going D.Im just going to

　　9.(★★★★)Do you mind my taking this seat?

　　________.

　　A.Yes,sit down please B.No,of course not

　　C.Yes,take it please D.No,you cant take it

　　10.(★★★★)________ green,the door might look more beautiful.

　　A.You painted B.If painted

　　C.To paint D.Have it painted

　　11.(★★★★)Is the boy very sick?

　　Im afraid________.

　　A.it B.this C.so D.that

　　12.(★★★★)They knew her very well.They had seen him________ up from childhood.

　　A.grow B.grew C.was growing D.to grow

　　13.(★★★★)Rather than________ on a crowded bus,he always prefers ________ a bicycle.

　　A.ride;ride B.riding;ride

　　C.ride;to ride D.to ride;riding

　　14.(★★★★★)________ it rain tomorrow,we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.

　　A.Were B.Should

　　C.Would D.Will

　　15.(★★★★★)Though________ money,his parents managed to send him to university.

　　A.lacked B.lacking of

　　C.lacking D.lacked in

　　多变的省略句

　　[难点磁场]

　　1.B 此句是John plays football as well as David,if he doesnt play better than David.的省略句，译为如果John足球踢得不比David 好，也和他一样好。D项so well as应用在否定句中。

　　2.B supposed前省略了(they are)。

　　3.C 此对话的完整答语应是Losing her bicycle made Mary upset。

　　4.C 四个选项中只有C项可充当连词，连接句子且time引导定语从句，其后的关系词可省略。

　　5.B 此句是In fact,I doubt whether anyone in the class has a higher IQ than Boris。

　　6.B I meant to后省略了thank her而只保留了不定式的符号。

　　[歼灭难点训练]

　　1.B 此题考查not在宾语从句中的替代性省略,完整的答语为I hope his right leg isnt broken。

　　2.C 此题考查主句主语和从句主语一致，且从句中含be则将主语和be一起省略(即将he is省略)。

　　3.B 为避免重复某些动词，如want,hope,ought to后的不定式作宾语时，常将不定式中动词省略，只保留to,但其后宾语若是be或have,则需保留。

　　4.B 此句是while I was waiting for the bus的省略。

　　5.C way作先行词，其后的关系词可省略，也可用that 或in which。

　　6.D 句中谓语或定语部分若是实意动词do及其各种形式，but后省略不定式符号to。

　　7.B 从句部分是when theyre spoken to的省略。

　　8.D Im going to后省略了Im going to clean the room。

　　9.B B项意思是是的，当然不介意，A项Yes,应译为是的，我介意和sit down意思不符，C项D项出现此类错误。

　　10.B 完整句应为If the door is painted green。

　　11.C so代指the boy is very sick。

　　12.A see/hear/notice/watch 等感官动词后的宾补常省略不定式符号。

　　13.C prefer to dorather than do。

　　14.B 在虚拟语气的条件句中，若省略if,条件句则需倒装，将should/were/had提主句首，此句为If it should rain tomorrow,we would=Should it rain tomorrow,。

　　15.C Though lacking money是Though they are lacking money的省略句，其中lack是vt.。 省略

　　简单句中的省略

　　1、省略主语 祈使句中主语通常省略;其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。

　　(1) (I) Thank you for your help.

　　(2) (I) See you tomorrow.

　　(3) (It) Doesnt matter.

　　(4) (I) Beg your pardon

　　2、省略主谓或主谓语的一部分

　　(1) (There is) No smoking .

　　(2) (Is there) Anything wrong ?

　　(3) (Will you) Have a smoke ?

　　(4) What/How (do you think) about a cup of tea ?

　　(5) Why (do you) not say hello to him ?

　　3、省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to，但如果该宾语是动词be或完成时态，则须在之后加上be或have:

　　(1) Are you going there? --Yes, Id like to (go there).

　　(2) He didnt give me the chance, though he had promised to (give me the chance).

　　(3) Are you an engineer? --No, but I want to be.

　　(4) He hasnt finished the task yet. --Well, he ought to have.

　　4、省略表语

　　(1) Are you thirsty? --Yes, I am (thirsty).