A 把主动态动词变成被动态,是把助动词be变为主动态动词原来的时态,再加上主要动词的过去分词。主动态动词的主语这时变为被动态动词的施动者。这个施动者常常不被提到。若要提到,可置于by之后或放在从句的后面:
This tree was planted by my grandfather.
这棵树是我祖父种的。
B 被动语态的现在、过去及完成时态的例句:
主动态: We keep the butter here.
我们把黄油放在这儿。
被动态: The butter is kept here.
黄油在这里放着。
主动态: They broke the window.
他们把玻璃窗打碎了。
被动态: The window was broken.
玻璃窗被打碎了。
主动态: People have seen wolves in the streets.
人们在街上见到过狼。
被动态: Wolves have been seen in the streets.
在街上看到过狼。
C 各个进行时态的被动态要求用be的进行式加上主要动词的过去分词,be的这种进行时形式在其他方面很少使用:
主动态: They are repairing the bridge.
他们正在修桥。
被动态: The bridge is being repaired.
桥正在修理。
主动态: They were carrying the injured player off the field.
当时,他们正把受伤的选手抬出比赛场地。
被动态: The injured player was being carried off the field.
当时,受伤的选手正被抬出比赛场地。
在被动句中,除现在及过去进行时外,其他进行进态用得非常少。因此像下列这类句子通常不能用被动态:
They have/had been repairing the road.
他们一直在修理这条路。
They will/would be repairing the road.
他们将要修理这条路。
D 助动词+动词原形结构可借助于被动式来构成被动语态:
主动态: You must/should shut these doors.
你必须把这些门关上。
被动态: These doors must/should be shut.
这些门必须关上。
主动态: They should/ought to have told him.
他们本该告诉他才是。(不定式的完成主动式)
被动态: He should/ought to have been told.
本应该告诉他才是。(不定式的完成被动式)
E 其他不定式结构
表示喜欢、热爱、希望、想要及与其相似意义的动词+宾语+ 不定式,由不定式的被动式构成其被动语态:
主动态: He wants someone to take photographs.
他想找个人来照些相。
被动态: He wants photographs to be taken.
(译文同上。)
表示命令/请求/劝告/邀请的动词+间接宾语+不定式,可用主动词的被动式来构成被动语态:
主动态: He invited me to go.
他邀请我去。
被动态: I was invited to go.
我被邀请去。
但是,如是advise/beg/order/recommend/urge+间接宾语+不定式+宾语的结构,则可构成两种被动语态:或如上所述将主要动词变为被动语态,或用advise等+that should+被动式:
主动态:He urged the Council to reduce the rates.
他敦请市议会减轻捐税。
被动态:The Council was/were urged to reduce the rates.
市议会被敦请减轻捐税。
He urged that the rates should be reduced.
他敦请减轻捐税。
至于 agree/be anxious/arrange/be determined/determine/de-cide/demand+不定式+宾语,则通常用that should结构来表示被动语态,与上面所述的第二种方式相同:
主动态: He decided to sell the house.
他决定把房子卖了。
被动态: He decided that the house should be sold.
他决定,房子必须得卖掉。
F 动名词结构
如是 advise/insist/propose/recommend/suggest+动名词+宾语结构,通常由thatshould结构来表示被动语态,与上面所述相同:
主动态: He recommended using bullet-proof glass.
他建议用防弹玻璃。
被动态: He recommended that bullet-proof glass should be used.
他建议该使用防弹玻璃。
F动名词结构
如是it/they+need+动名词结构,也可用it/they+need+被动式结构来表示,两种结构在意思上都是被动语态。其他动名词结构的被动态由动名词的被动式来表示:
主动态:I remember them taking me to the Zoo.
我记得他们曾带我去过动物园。
被动态:I remember being taken to the Zoo.
我记得被带到动物园去过。
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