A 在肯定式中,dare的变化与普通动词相同,即现在式为dare/dares,过去式为dared;但否定式和疑问式既可以像普通动词那样变化,也可以像助动词那样变化。换句话说,dare是半情态动词。
否定式:现在do/does not dare dare/dares not
过去did not dare dared not
疑问式:现在do you/does he dare? dare you/he?
过去 did you/did he dare? dared you/he?
通常更多使用它作为普通动词的结构。
B 接在dare后的不定式
do/did的否定式或疑问式理论上后面应当接带to的不定式,但实际上to常被省略:
He doesnt dare(to)say anything.
他什么也不敢说。
Did he dare(to)criticize my arrangements?
他敢批评我的安排吗?
dare I/he/you?等以及dare not这些形式后都接不带to的不定式:
Dare we interrupt?
我们敢插嘴吗?
They dared not move.
他们不敢动。
当dare的主语是nobody,anybody等词时,to可用可不用:
Nobody dared(to)speak.
没人敢说话。
C dare除了在I daresay这一说法外,不大用于肯定式。I dare- say(或I dare say)有两个惯用含义:
1 I suppose(我想):
I daresay therell be a restaurant car on the train.
我想这火车上会有餐车。
2 I accept what you say(but it doesnt make any difference)(我同意你说的,但这无关紧要):
English tourist:But I drive on the left in England!
英国旅游者:可在英国我开车时是靠左走!
Swiss policeman:I daresay you do,but we drive on the right here.
瑞士警察:我相信你所说的,但是在这里我们必须靠右走。
Traveller:But the watch was given to me;I didnt buy it.
旅客:可这表是人家送我的,并不是我自己买的。
Customs officer:I daresay you didnt, but youll have to pay duty on it all the same.
海关官员:我可以承认你不是买的,但你照样得交关税。
daresay的这种用法只用于第一人称单数。
D how dare(d)you?how dare(d)he/they?可以表示说话人的愤怒:
How dare you open my letters?
你怎么竟敢拆我的信件?(我因你拆我的信而生你的气。)
How dared he complain?
他怎么还敢抱怨?(我因他埋怨而生气。)
E dare也可作普通及物动词,意指挑战、激将(仅针对需要勇气的行为而言),后接宾语+带to的不定式:
Mother:Why did you throw that stone through the window?
母亲:你为什么往窗户里扔石头?
Son:Another boy dared me(to throw it).
儿子:有个小男孩激将我,说我不敢扔。
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