?动词在语言中是必不可少的一部分。它的语法现象也较多,但在初中范围主要有以下几方面问题。① 时态:初中范围主要有一般现在时,一般过去时,现在完成时,过去完成时,将来时与过去将来时六种时态。② 语态:主动语态与被动语态。③ 助动词和情态动词。④ 非谓语动词,也就是不定式,动名词及现在分词的用法。?时态主要掌握以下几种时态的应用要点和习惯用法。
?1? 一般现在时:主要有以下三方面,① 用来表示状态,特征或不受时间限制的客观存在和真理。如:Matter exists in three states物质有三态。又如:The earth moves around the sun? ?② 表?示习惯性和经常发生的动作,如:I often go to bed at 9∶30? ③ 在时间、条件等状语从句中表示将来要发生的动作,如:As soon as I get there I'll telephone you.
?2? 一般过去时:① 主要用于表达过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状态,如:I was ill last week? ② 过去经常发生的动作或习惯性动作,如:I used to get up at six.
? 3? 一般将来时:用于表示将要发生的动作,其构成方式① 用will (shall)+动词原形来表达将来在某一时间内要发生,或经常、将要发生的动作或状态,如:School will begin on Sepember 1st? ② 用be going to+动词原形,用来表示不久将要发生或打算去作的动作。如:?I'm? going to swim this afternoon? ③ be+现在分词,也就是用某些动词的现在进行时表示将来,如:?I'm? coming。这些动词只限于:go, come, leave, start, move, sail, arrive, reach, get to等动词。④ 在状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。
?4? 现在进行时:用于表示现在正在进行的动作,如:What are you doing now?要注意的是表示状态,情感的某些词没有现在进行时,这些动词有:like, have (有),love, know, understand, remember, forget, see, hear, smell, taste, feel, wish hope, expect
?5? 过去将来时:用来表达从过去某时间点上看将要发生的动作,如: He told me he would come to my party?
?6? 现在完成时与过去完成时:现在完成时的两个用处是:
① 用来表达在过去开始的动作持续到现在,如:I've studied English for two years?
② 用来表达过去发生的事但它影响到现在,如:
I haven't had my breakfast. so I'm hungry now?
现在完成时与过去完成时的区别在于动作的截止时间,现在完成时所表达的动作截止于现在,而过去完成时所表达的动作截止于过去。
如:I haven't seen my old teacher for a long time? 我好久未见到我过去的老师了。是指到目前截止。
如果加上一句话,则将变为过去完成时,如:Yesterday I saw my old teacher. I hadn't seen him for a long time. 因为我好久未见他这一情况截止于昨天。
还要注意的一个问题是截止性动词可以有完成时,但不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,如:When I got to school, the class had begun?
如果一定要讲开始几分钟了则要换用表示状态,或延续性动词,如:When I got to school, the class had been on for five minutes?
语态:英语中只有主动语态与被动语态之分。
主动语态,句子中的主语是动作的执行者,如:I broke the window?
而被动语态句子中的主语是主动语态句子中的宾语,如:The window was broken by me?
被动语态主要用于,动作的执行者不明确,或没有必要说出来,如:The New building was built last week?
关键要注意的是在主动语态中有省略不定式符号to的动词,在被动语态要还原,如: 主动语态 I saw him come in.?被动语态 He was seen to come in. ?
助动词和情态动词:助动词本身没有词义,它只不过与实义动词一起构成谓语动词,形成了时态、语态、构成了疑问句,否定句,以及用来加强语气。而情态动词则表达一种可能、必要、允许、愿望、猜测的意图、倾向。也用来表示语气的委婉和祝愿。
初中阶段主要有:can, could, may, might, will, would, must (have to), shall, should。?
最后要谈论的是非谓语动词,非谓语动词分为不定式,和动词的ing形式,(即现在分词和动名词)。虽然在初中范围,这一项不是语法重点,但还是要花一定时间去学习,为的是打下良好的基础。为进一步学习提供良好的条件。
不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语。如:To see is to believe.(百闻不如一见) He want to see a film? 还可以作补足语,如:He wants me to leave.也可以作状语,如:I come here to learn English.?动名词也可以起到上述作用,如:Seeing is believing. I like swimming very much. 而现在分词多用于作定语、补足语、状语,如: The girl driving a car is her sister.(定语) Did you notice his hand shaking?(宾语补足语)
Hearing the noise, we stopped talking.(状语)
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