好莱坞要复工了——但是很多东西都变了

日前美国好莱坞传来了一个好消息：影视产业要复工了！坏消息是，打戏和亲密戏将被尽力缩减，拍摄进度变慢，制片费也将更加高昂。

There’s still a steep hill to climb before production resembles anything like what it used to be. REUTERS/PATRICK T. FALLON

Starting June 12, Hollywood can resume film and TV production, California governor Gavin Newsom announced over the weekend. While shoots are still subject to approval by public health officials, this opens the door for the entertainment industry to get back to work after the coronavirus pandemic forced a three-month hiatus.

美国加州州长加文·纽森上周末宣布，从6月12日起，好莱坞可以恢复电影和电视制作。尽管拍摄计划还需经过卫生部门官员的批准，但是这一决定为娱乐业复工打开了大门。此前新冠疫情迫使娱乐业停工了三个月。

Hollywood’s labor unions and the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers joined forces to release a white paper last week, outlining their recommendations for how to safely resume film and TV production.

上周好莱坞工会和电影与电视制片人联盟联合发布了一份白皮书，概述了恢复电影电视制作的安全建议。

While all of the group’s recommendations may not necessarily be implemented, the white paper is seen as an important step toward restarting the film and TV industries. Many of the new filming protocols meant to reduce the risk of transmission could last long after the pandemic recedes, creating a new normal for moviemaking worldwide.

尽管这些建议可能不一定被全部实施，但是这份白皮书可被视为重启电影和电视行业的重要一步。许多旨在降低病毒传播风险的拍摄新规可能会在疫情好转后仍长期存在，在世界各地形成电影制作的新常态。

打戏和亲密戏份减少了

“Certain activities such as fight scenes or intimate scenes increase the risk of transmission,” the white paper reads. “When maintaining physical distancing is not possible...contact must be kept to the shortest amount of time possible.”

白皮书写道：“某些活动，比如打戏和亲密戏份，会增加病毒传播的风险。虽然不可能在拍摄中保持安全距离，但是身体接触的时间应尽可能缩短。”

The task force recommends productions “consider measures to minimize scenes with close contact between performers,” such as by changing scripts or using more digital effects. Scenes viewers once took completely for granted may no longer be possible—at least, not how we’re used to seeing them.

工作组建议制片方“考虑采取措施将演员间亲密接触的戏份降到最少”，比如修改剧本或采用更多数字特效。观众们过去视为理所当然的一些场面可能不会再出现，至少不会像我们过去习惯看到的那样。

取消现场观众

The white paper mentions the use of live studio audiences during filming is “discouraged,” but does not outright suggest a ban on them. It says some may be allowed on a case-by-case basis with social distancing, mandatory mask use, symptom screening of audience members upon entry, and physical barriers between the audience and the cast and crew.

白皮书提到，“不鼓励”拍摄时在摄影棚有现场观众，但是没有直接建议禁止。白皮书称，允许某些摄制组在个别期节目中有现场观众，但必须遵守社交隔离规定，强制佩戴口罩，在入口处对观众进行症状筛查，以及在观众和演职人员之间设置物理屏障。

取消纸质剧本

The use of paper should be minimized “whenever possible” and alternatives like electronic scripts “should be explored,” according to the document. If paper scripts are completely unavoidable, the task force recommends they be assigned to specific individuals, clearly labeled, and “not shared between others.”

白皮书指出，应“尽可能”减少用纸，“探索使用”电子剧本等替代品。如果无法完全避免纸质剧本，工作组建议分发给特定的个人，清楚地做好标记，“不要与人分享”。

缩短每日工作时间

In an effort to reduce the risk of transmission and keep cast and crew sane, the task force wants to limit the duration of work days and use fewer consecutive work days.

为了降低病毒传播的风险，让演员和工作人员神志清醒，工作组希望限制每日工作时长，并减少连续工作的天数。

The International Cinematographers Guild released its own set of guidelines, which also stress the importance of shorter work days. “Workplace practices that compromise the health and immune systems of employees and contribute to vulnerability and illness of employees should be eliminated,” the document says. The cinematographers also recommend extending rest periods “to ensure cast and crew remain healthy and receive adequate rest.”

国际电影摄影师协会发布了自己的指导规定，其中也强调了缩短工作时长的重要性。该规定指出：“应该消除那些损害员工健康和免疫系统、导致员工体弱生病的职场行为。”国际电影摄影师协会还建议延长休息时间，“确保演职人员保持健康，得到充分的休息”。

As a result of shorter work days, film and TV shoots could be forced to run over a longer period of time. A two-week shoot could stretch into a month. A monthlong shoot could stretch to several months. Longer production schedules could also put a strain on actors’ and filmmakers’ availability and studios’ budgets.

缩短工作时长的结果是，电影和电视拍摄将被迫持续更长时间。原先两星期能拍完的项目可能会耗时一个月。一个月能拍完的可能会延长至数月。更长的拍片计划还会对演员、导演的档期和工作室的预算造成压力。

化妆和造型让演员自己搞定

New safety guidelines on film sets will likely hardest hit the craftspeople whose jobs require they work closely with actors: costume designers, makeup artists, and hairstylists. The task force acknowledged that some of their work simply “may not be possible while maintaining physical distancing from others.”

新的电影拍摄安全指导规定可能对那些需要和演员近距离工作的手艺人的饭碗打击最大：服装设计师、化妆师、发型师。工作组承认，他们的一部分工作“可能无法在保持安全距离的情况下完成”。

Productions may have to prioritize costumes actors can put on themselves. Complicated period costumes—like a corset, for example—may have to be altered so that performers can wear them without anyone’s assistance.

片方可能会优先选择演员可以自己穿上的服装。复杂的年代剧服装——比如紧身胸衣——可能需要进行改造，让演员可以不需要别人帮助就自己穿上。

每个片场都有防疫监察官

Every set could soon have its own designated Covid-19 “compliance officer” who works across all departments to ensure guidelines are being followed and “to address issues as they arise.”

每个片场可能很快就会有指定的防疫“监察官”，监察官会在各个部门走动，确保人们遵守指导规定，“并在出现问题时进行处理”。

制片费将会更加高昂

Several Hollywood studio executives told Variety they expect productions to cost a lot more in a post-Covid world than they used to. The additional equipment, new personnel, higher insurance premiums, and increased reliance on visual effects and other technologies as substitutes for in-person filming will all add to the costs of a shoot.

几家好莱坞制片厂高管告诉《综艺》杂志说，他们预期制片费会比疫情前多出一大笔。额外的设备、新增人员、更高的保险费，以及对替代亲自拍摄的特效和其他技术的依赖增加，这些都会增加拍摄费用。

The obvious conclusion is that more expensive productions could hurt independent production companies who already struggle to finance film and TV shoots.

显而易见的结果是，更高昂的制片费会对本就难以维持电影和电视拍摄花销的独立制片公司造成打击。