怎样防止土地荒漠化

土地荒漠化的防治，要做到“预防为主，因地制宜，全面规划，综合整治，加强管理，注重效益”。对于水蚀作用下的荒漠化土地，要以小流域为单元进行综合治理，上游以防为主，中游防治中结合、以治为主，采取封山育林、营造水源涵养林，陡坡耕地退林还草、坡地改梯田等措施；对于风力作用下的荒漠化土地，在半干旱农牧交错区及旱农区采取扩大林草比重、片林和乔灌草结合固定流沙等措施，在干旱地带沙质荒漠边缘的绿洲地区营造绿洲内部护田林网并在绿洲边缘设置沙障。

The prevention and control of land desertification should be based on "prevention first, adjusting measures to local conditions, comprehensive planning, comprehensive treatment, strengthening management and paying attention to benefits". For the desertification land under the action of water erosion, the small watershed should be taken as a unit for comprehensive treatment, the upstream should be mainly for prevention, the middle reaches should be combined with prevention and control, and the measures such as closing the mountain for forest cultivation, building water conservation forest, returning the steep slope farmland to forest and grass, and changing the slope land to terrace should be taken; for the desertification land under the action of wind force, the forest grass ratio should be expanded in the semi-arid farming pastoral area and the dry farming area In the oasis area of arid desert edge, the inner forest net for protecting farmland and the sand barrier are built.

建立草地生态系统持续管理体系。鉴于我国退化草原生态系统治理的现状是边治理，边退化，退化大于治理的现状，因此建立适宜的草原生态系统持续利用体系，是遏制草原退化、恢复退化草原，达到长治久安的根本策略。在草地资源不足时，轮牧连续放牧有较大的优势，且对于同样的载畜水平，短时高强度放牧比长时间低强度放牧更有利于植物的生长。然而适宜的草原利用体系随不同草原类型而异。阐明不同类型草原生态系统第一性生产力及其载畜能力、不同放牧方式和季节对草原草畜土系统的影响、草原植物生产力与家畜放牧强度间的相互作用模式、草原生物多样性的维持机制等，是制定草原生态系统持续管理措施的基础。同时，草原地区土地经营等体制的优化则是在更高尺度上实行草原生态系统持续管理的策略。

Establish sustainable management system of grassland ecosystem. In view of the current situation of the management of degraded grassland ecosystem in our country, which is the management at the same time, the degradation at the same time is greater than the management, so the establishment of a suitable sustainable utilization system of grassland ecosystem is the fundamental strategy to curb the grassland degradation, restore the degraded grassland and achieve long-term stability. When the grassland resources are insufficient, continuous rotational grazing has a greater advantage, and for the same level of livestock, short-term high-intensity grazing is more conducive to plant growth than long-term low-intensity grazing. However, the suitable grassland utilization system varies with different grassland types. This paper expounds that the primary productivity and carrying capacity of different types of grassland ecosystem, the influence of Different Grazing Methods and seasons on grassland, the interaction mode between grassland plant productivity and livestock grazing intensity, and the maintenance mechanism of grassland biodiversity are the basis of formulating sustainable management measures of grassland ecosystem. At the same time, the optimization of land management system in grassland area is the strategy of sustainable management of grassland ecosystem on a higher scale.

地球的生态资源总是处于变化之中。这种变化大体是两类因素引起的。一类是来自生态资源之间或生态资源内部的相互作用（如各种灾变）；一类是来自人类的直接或间接影响。前一类作用引起的变化，通常是正常的自然变化过程。人类活动对自然的影响，既可以表现为正面效应，即促使的效应，又可以表现为负面效应，即导致其退化的效应，也可以理解为生态破坏。往往有这样的情况，人的一些行为在短时期内看似有利，但随着时间的推移，它的负面效应逐渐显现出来。对生态环境变化的自然因素和人为因素应依据两条原则进行判断：①是否有利于人类的持续发展；②是否有利于人类所依赖的生态资源的持续存在和演进。

The ecological resources of the earth are always changing. This change is caused by two kinds of factors. One is from the interaction between ecological resources or within ecological resources (such as various disasters); the other is from the direct or indirect impact of human beings. The change caused by the former kind of action is usually a normal natural change process. The impact of human activities on nature can be expressed as both positive effect, promoting effect and negative effect, that is, the effect that leads to its degradation, as well as ecological damage. It is often the case that some human behaviors seem to be beneficial in a short period of time, but with the passage of time, its negative effects gradually appear. The natural and human factors of ecological environment change should be judged according to two principles: ① whether it is conducive to the sustainable development of human beings; ② whether it is conducive to the sustainable existence and evolution of the ecological resources on which human beings depend.

土地退化是困扰西部地区经济和社会持续发展的主要因素。水土严重流失、沙漠化和土壤盐碱化导致土地生产力衰退，最终彻底丧失功能，变成戈壁、流沙或劣地。土地严重退化对环境的反馈作用使生态环境全面恶化，气候更加干旱，沙尘暴灾害频繁，严重影响地区的工农业生产。生态环境的恶化，牧、农、林经济的落后，贫困和文化落后等一连串的问题影响着社会的可持续发展。

Land degradation is the main factor that perplexes the sustainable development of economy and society in the western region. Serious soil and water loss, desertification and soil salinization lead to the decline of land productivity, and ultimately the complete loss of function, turning into Gobi, quicksand or poor land. The feedback effect of serious land degradation on the environment makes the ecological environment worsen in an all-round way, the climate is more arid, and sandstorm disasters are frequent, which seriously affects the industrial and agricultural production in the area. The deterioration of ecological environment, the backwardness of animal husbandry, agriculture and forestry economy, poverty and cultural backwardness affect the sustainable development of society.

既要改善环境质量，又要保持经济增长水平，这是一道世界性的难题。西部经济增长和生态环境保护（改善）这一对矛盾显得更为突出。一面是经济落后，人民贫困，发展速度滞后；一面是生态环境严重失衡，土地沙漠化、水土流失和盐渍化严重。这些又反过来制约经济发展。

It is a worldwide problem to improve the environmental quality and maintain the level of economic growth. The contradiction between economic growth and ecological environment protection (improvement) in Western China is more prominent. On the one hand, the economy is backward, the people are poor, and the development speed is lagging behind; on the other hand, the ecological environment is seriously unbalanced, and land desertification, soil erosion and salinization are serious. These in turn constrain economic development.

经济发展与环境是一对矛盾，从长远看可以达到协调和统一，但在一个相对较短的时期内，却是矛盾的。如果优先发展经济，势必会付出一定的环境代价。反过来如果优先保护环境，又不得不相应放慢经济发展速度。对于发展中国家来说，“发展是硬道理”，发展毫无疑问要放在第一位。不过应该认识到，发展不应狭义地理解为经济增长，经济增长只是发展的一部分。发展只有使人民生活的所有方面都得到改善，才是真正的发展。而且发展应该是可持续的。可持续发展包括社会、经济、环境三个基本要素，它们之间相互作用、相互制约和相互依赖。环境可持续发展是条件，经济可持续发展是目的。三者的协调是可持续性的关键。可持续发展旨在保持生态系统的多样性、确保资源的可持续利用、保持良好的生产与生活环境，使社会人均福利持续提高。因此。我国政府提出西部大开发战略时，把生态环境综合整治和环境建设放到第一位。

Economic development and environment are a pair of contradictions, which can be coordinated and unified in the long run, but in a relatively short period of time, they are contradictory. If we give priority to economic development, we will pay a certain environmental price. On the other hand, if we give priority to environmental protection, we have to slow down economic development accordingly. For developing countries, "development is the absolute principle", and development should undoubtedly come first. However, it should be recognized that development should not be narrowly understood as economic growth, which is only a part of development. Development is real development only when it improves all aspects of people's lives. And development should be sustainable. Sustainable development includes three basic elements: society, economy and environment. They interact, restrict and depend on each other. Environmental sustainable development is the condition, and economic sustainable development is the purpose. The coordination of the three is the key to sustainability. Sustainable development aims to maintain the diversity of ecosystem, ensure the sustainable use of resources, maintain a good production and living environment, and improve the per capita social welfare. Therefore. When the Chinese government put forward the strategy of developing the western region, it put the comprehensive improvement of ecological environment and environmental construction in the first place.

事实证明，如果不从环境的角度来管理经济，经济增长就面临着极限。保护环境为的是保证发展，我们需要把人类社会、自然环境和经济活动作为一个整体统一考虑，注重协调约束各自的行为限度。实行可持续发展战略是解决环境与发展问题的明智选择。因此，在制订经济社会发展战略时，要体现可持续发展的战略思想。中国的自然资源，特别是土地资源，已临近它的“外延”开发极限，随着人均资源的日益下降，如不致力于“内涵”上的调控，生态环境恶化将最终制约经济的可持续增长。而且，西部生态环境具有先天的脆弱性。在进行西部大开发时绝不能以生态效益去换取经济效益。如果不把合理使用资源、保护环境等内容包括在发展目标之内，任何经济增长都不会持续，任何经济改革都不会取得真正的成功。

Facts have proved that if we do not manage the economy from the perspective of environment, economic growth will face the limit. To protect the environment is to ensure development. We need to consider human society, natural environment and economic activities as a whole, and pay attention to coordinating and restricting their respective behavior limits. The implementation of sustainable development strategy is a wise choice to solve the problems of environment and development. Therefore, in the formulation of economic and social development strategy, we should reflect the strategic thinking of sustainable development. China's natural resources, especially land resources, are close to its "extension" development limit. With the decline of per capita resources, if we don't devote ourselves to the "connotation" regulation, the deterioration of ecological environment will eventually restrict the sustainable economic growth. Moreover, the ecological environment in the west is inherently fragile. In the development of the west, we must not exchange ecological benefits for economic benefits. If the rational use of resources and environmental protection are not included in the development goals, no economic growth will continue and no economic reform will achieve real success.

西部生态环境有其本身脆弱的一面，但环境恶化的主要因素是人的经济活动对环境施加的压力超越了环境的容忍量。治理土地严重退化必须从减轻人对环境的不良影响做起。西部大开发为扭转土地严重退化的局面带来难得的机遇，各级领导和群众应彻底转变观念，处理好环境治理、土地开发和发展经济的关系，创造经济和社会可持续发展的良好环境。随着西部大开发的实施，人类经济活动肯定还要加快。人的因素有两个截然不同的方向，一是片面追求经济的高速增长，不顾环境条件和土地容量，任意开发土地资源，扩大耕地面积和牲畜数量，或者不从根本上解决问题，采取“头疼治头，脚疼治脚”的应付态度，而不顾长远利益，结果必然导致水土流失、土地沙漠化和土壤盐碱化继续严重发展，流沙扩展，水蚀黄土和石灰岩地区的劣地继续发展，而绿洲地区土壤大片盐渍化。最终只能退出西部大多数地区；二是自觉地约束自身的行为，把人对生态环境的干扰变成促进生态环境和经济协调、和谐发展的行为。认真贯彻西部大开发生态建设优先的方针，全面规划，采取有力的措施治理失衡的环境，使西部的环境达到“山川秀美”。

The western ecological environment has its own fragile side, but the main factor of environmental deterioration is that the pressure of human economic activities on the environment exceeds the tolerance of the environment. To control the serious land degradation, we must start from reducing the adverse effects of human beings on the environment. The great development of the western region has brought a rare opportunity to reverse the serious land degradation. Leaders and the masses at all levels should completely change their ideas, deal with the relationship between environmental governance, land development and economic development, and create a good environment for sustainable economic and social development. With the implementation of the western development, human economic activities must be accelerated. Human factors have two distinct directions. One is to pursue the rapid economic growth unilaterally, develop land resources arbitrarily, expand the cultivated land area and the number of livestock regardless of the environmental conditions and land capacity, or not fundamentally solve the problem, adopt the coping attitude of "headache to treat the head, foot pain to treat the foot", regardless of the long-term interests, the result will inevitably lead to soil erosion, land desert Soil salinization and salinization continue to develop seriously, quicksand expands, and poor land in water eroded loess and limestone areas continues to develop, while large areas of soil salinization in oasis areas. Finally, we can only withdraw from most of the western regions; secondly, we should consciously restrict our own behavior, and turn the interference of human beings to the behavior of promoting the coordinated and harmonious development of ecological environment and economy. We should conscientiously implement the principle of giving priority to ecological construction in the development of the western region, make a comprehensive plan, and take effective measures to control the unbalanced environment, so as to make the environment in the western region "beautiful in mountains and rivers".

西部的山川秀美不是“锦秀江南”式的，应当是既有沙漠、戈壁，又有绿洲农业和雪山草地，既有高山大川，又有森林、湖泊、蓝天白云，人与自然和谐共存，生态平衡，经济发达，社会进步，欣欣向荣的景象。

The beauty of the mountains and rivers in the west is not "Jinxiu Jiangnan" style. It should be a scene of deserts and Gobi, oasis agriculture and snow mountain grassland, mountains and rivers, forests, lakes, blue sky and white clouds, harmonious coexistence of human and nature, ecological balance, economic development, social progress and prosperity.