纳尔逊·曼德拉的追悼会——宿敌聚首

Workers construct a stage inside the FNB Stadium in preparation for Nelson Mandela's memorial service.

Cuba's president, Raúl Castro, will join Barack Obama and South Africa's president, Jacob Zuma, among the speakers paying tribute to Nelson Mandela on Tuesday at what has been described as the biggest funeral in history.

The memorial service in Johannesburg, in effect the first leg of a funeral that culminates with Mandela's burial on Sunday, will also include interfaith prayers, eulogies by four of Mandela's grandchildren and speeches by the presidents of Brazil, Namibia, India and Cuba, along with the vice-president of China. Zuma will deliver the keynote address.

For dignitaries attending the service, not least Obama and Castro, a potential diplomatic minefield awaits. But Zelda la Grange, Mandela's personal assistant for more than a decade, told Reuters: "Tomorrow, people should all be honouring their relationship with Madiba. If it means shaking hands with the enemy, yes, I would like to see that. That is what Nelson Mandela was and actually is – bringing people together despite their differences."

The cover of the official memorial programme bears the title "State memorial service for the late former president Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela" above a picture of South Africa's first black president smiling and wearing a characteristically flamboyant shirt. Inside the programme is an obituary over two pages that concludes: "Mr Mandela is survived by his wife, Graca, three daughters, 18 grandchildren and 12 great-grandchildren."

Obama and his wife, Michelle, will be joined by the former presidents Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton and George W Bush. Also attending are David Cameron, Ban Ki-moon, assorted princes and princesses, and celebrities including Bono, Oprah Winfrey and the Spice Girls. Mandela dubbed the last his "heroes" after meeting the pop group 16 years ago.

Clayson Monyela, South Africa's head of public diplomacy, tweeted: "Pope John Paul's funeral brought together 70 heads of state & 14 leaders of other regions. With #Mandela we're already over 91 & counting."

On Monday workers were inside the 95,000-capacity FNB stadium welding scaffolding for a stage and installing bulletproof glass to protect foreign leaders. Ground crews cut the grass in front of the venue, dubbed the "calabash" because of its shape. The stadium, where Mandela made his last public appearance, at the closing ceremony of the 2010 football World Cup, is expected to fill rapidly on Tuesday, posing a huge security and logistical challenge for South African authorities.

All police leave has been cancelled and thousands of officers called up to direct traffic, protect mourners and help the bodyguards of visiting dignitaries.

Government minister Collins Chabane said officials could not guess how many people would attend or would try to enter the stadium. "Once we see that the numbers are becoming unmanageable … access will be denied," he said.

Chabane appealed to those who were turned away to "respond with decency", pointing out that spillover venues with big screens had been set up.

The government will be seeking to avoid a repeat of the disarray around last year's centenary celebrations of the African National Congress (ANC). African leaders were reportedly forced to go shopping when they found no food or bedding at their accommodation. Uganda's president, Yoweri Museveni, apparently had to send for some grilled chicken from Nando's.

Chabane said 91 heads of state and government had confirmed their attendance by noon on Monday but dismissed predictions that officials would be overwhelmed. "For those who predict there will be chaos, we're used to it. It's not new."

Soon after the end of racial apartheid, Collins noted, South Africa had hosted the rugby World Cup, football's Africa Cup of Nations and numerous other showpiece events. "People said there would be chaos. It didn't happen."

He added: "Our people, our supporters are with us to make sure this is a success. We'll prove them [the doubters] wrong."

A joint taskforce of police, diplomats and intelligence service personnel has been in talks with the foreign delegations who plan to attend the ceremony, due to start at 11am and finish at 3pm.

Both Obama and Cameron are understood to be arriving on Tuesday morning. Of the US presidents attending, only Clinton, who was close to Mandela, is thought to be staying long enough to attend Sunday's burial in Qunu, in Eastern Cape province. Cameron will not be present there but Prince Charles will attend.

The clamour to honour Mandela looks set to potentially eclipse the funerals of Winston Churchill, Diana, Princess of Wales, John F Kennedy and Pope John Paul – a big organisational ask for any country. Brooks Spector, a Johannesburg-based former US diplomat, said: "Apart from the UN, this looks like the biggest gathering of heads of state there has ever been. It's a rare event that gets the sitting US president and three ex-presidents together except an inauguration. The South African government was preparing in many ways but the tidal wave might have surprised even those preparing."

Asked whether South Africa can cope, Spector replied: "It'll work because it has to work. They won't leave a king on the side of a highway trying to thumb a lift to the FNB Stadium. When they put their minds to it and national honour is at stake, they pull it off. Clearly national honour is at stake on this one.

"This is a shared national moment. It's going to be unique in this nation's history. There's a lot of goodwill and a lot of energy directed towards getting it right."

Mandela's body will lie in state in the capital, Pretoria, on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday before being flown to Qunu, the village where he grew up. Officials said his burial ceremony would run from 9am to noon on Sunday, with the guest list not exceeding 5,000 people.

No heads of state would be turned away, they added, but they have generally been discouraged from attending because of the daunting logistics in the remote rural area. More than 1,500 journalists have been accredited for the events.

Across the country on Monday, South Africans continued to celebrate the life of the anti-apartheid hero. Just after dawn a two-mile-long motorcade of cars full of ANC supporters left Cape Town for the former Victor Verster prison, the last jail where Mandela was held and where, emerging alongside his former wife Winnie with his fist raised triumphantly, he marked his transformation from revolutionary fighter to elder statesman.

Inside the on-site house, a candle burned on the table where a historic settlement was reached between Mandela and the then president, FW de Klerk. "I'm feeling emotional, sad, but also honoured to have been alive during his lifetime," said Jo-Anne Aranes, a cleaner whose car was plastered in the green, gold and black of the ANC flag. Her 10-year-old daughter had accompanied her. "It's extra-special to me because my daughter is here to learn our history," she said.

查看译文

据英国《卫报》12月9日报道，古巴主席劳尔·卡斯特罗将于12月10日与美国总统奥巴马及南非总统祖马一起，在曼德拉的葬礼上发表追悼讲话，这将是有史以来规模最大的一场葬礼。

此次追悼会在约翰内斯堡举行，仪式第一部分包括不同宗教信仰者进行祈祷并默哀，曼德拉四个孙子分别致颂词，巴西，纳米比亚，印度和古巴的首脑及中国副主席将发表讲话，南非总统祖马将会做主旨发言。整个追悼活动将在周日曼德拉下葬时达到最高潮。

在出席追悼会的政要中，尤其值得关注的是奥巴马和劳尔·卡斯特罗，一个潜在的外交“雷区”或将在葬礼上出现。但是担任曼德拉私人助手十几年的塞尔达·格兰吉向路透社表示：“明天，人们都会前来纪念与曼德拉的情谊。如果这意味着要和敌人握手，我倒是很愿意看到。这也是曼德拉一直在做的事——让人们聚在一起，即便他们之间存在着分歧。”

官方追悼仪式的主题为“前总统纳尔逊·罗利赫拉赫拉·曼德拉的国家追悼仪式”，附带一张这位南非首位黑人总统面带微笑、着华丽衬衫的照片。悼念单内还有两页的讣告，里面写着：“陪伴曼德拉先生的家人——妻子格拉萨，3个女儿，18个孙子孙女以及12个重孙。”

奥巴马及夫人米歇尔，连同美国前总统吉米·卡特，比尔·克林顿及乔治·W·布什将一同出席。英国首相大卫·卡梅伦，联合国秘书长潘基文，查尔斯王储以及包括U2乐队主唱波诺、美国脱口秀女王奥普拉·温弗瑞、辣妹合唱团等各界名流也将到场。16年前会见该流行乐团后，曼德拉称她们为他的“英雄”。

南非外交部发言人克莱森·孟雅拉发表推特表示：“约翰·保罗教皇的葬礼有70名国家首脑及14个地区的领导人出席。而出席曼德拉葬礼的政要人数，我们统计的数字已经超过了90并且还在增加。”

12月9日，工作人员们在可容纳9.5万人的FNB体育馆中焊接高台支架，安装防弹玻璃以保护各国领导人的安全。地勤人员修建会场前的草坪，就其形状将之称为“葫芦”。曼德拉最后一次公开露面就是在该体育馆2010年足球世界杯的闭幕式上。据估计，周二该体育馆将会挤满悼念人群，这也为南非政府带来巨大的安全和后勤挑战。

所有的警察休假都已被取消，成千上万名警官被派遣指挥交通，保护送葬者的安全，并为来访政要的保镖提供帮助。

总统府部长柯林斯·沙巴纳表示官方难以估测将有多少人出席或试图进去体育馆。“一旦发现人数难以控制，我们就会关闭入口，”他说。

沙巴纳呼吁那些被“打发走”的人要礼貌些，并指出会场已经挂起了大屏幕。

政府将努力避免去年非洲人国民大会百年庆典时的混乱不再发生。据报道，当时，看到自己的住处没有食物和床铺，非洲的领导人们不得不亲自去买。乌干达的总统穆塞维尼不得不从Nando`s烤鸡店购买一些烤鸡。

沙巴纳表示91个国家及政府首脑已确认他们会在周一中午之前抵达，但是他不认为官员会过多。“对于那些预测会发生混乱的人，我们已经习惯了，这并不新鲜。”

沙巴纳强调说，种族隔离结束后不久，南非举办过橄榄球世界杯，非洲国家杯足球赛以及众多其他重大活动。“人们都说会发生混乱，但从没发生过啊。”

他补充说：“我们的人民，我们的支持者都会和我们一起确保一切顺利。我们会证明质疑者是错的。”

一只由警察，外交及情报人员组成的联合工作组一直在与想要参加仪式的外国代表团进行商谈，仪式将于中午11点开始，下午3点结束。

奥巴马和卡梅伦都表示会在周二上午抵达。在几位出席的美国总统中，只有与曼德拉十分亲近的克林顿预计会停留到周日的葬礼结束之后，葬礼将在位于东开普省的库努举行。

曼德拉葬礼的荣耀甚至可能超越丘吉尔首相，戴安娜王妃，威尔士王子，约翰·F·肯尼迪及约翰·保罗教皇的葬礼——来自各个国家的集体呼吁。前美国外交官布鲁克斯·斯佩克特说：“除了联合国，这应该是有史以来各国首脑最大的一次集会了。而除了总统就职仪式，让美国现任总统和3为前总统聚在一起也十分罕见。南非政府正以多种方式进行准备，但是这次活动带来的浪潮可能会让这一切的准备都大为震惊啊。”

被问及南非是否能够应对时，布鲁克斯答道：“南非政府能够应对，因为他们没有退路。他们不会把一位国王留在高速公路旁，让他自己搭便车到FNB体育馆。当他们全力投入进去，事关国家荣誉，他们必须圆满完成，显然，国家的荣誉掌握在他们手里。”

“这是一个事关整个民族的时刻。它在整个民族的历史上也是独一无二的。为了能够圆满完成，人们付出了很多心血和努力。”

周三到周五，曼德拉的遗体将会被安放在首都比勒陀利亚。库努是曼德拉长大的村庄，官员们表示他的葬礼将会于周日早9点到中午举行，出席嘉宾将不超过5000人。

“我们不会拒绝国家首脑出席”，他们补充说，但是因为偏远农村地区的后勤问题他们也表示不倡导出席。1500多名记者已获官方认可出席葬礼。

12月9日，整个国家的人民会继续纪念反种族隔离的英雄的一生。黎明过后，一支车上满载非洲人国民大会支持者的的汽车车队离开了开普敦，前往前维克多·沃斯特监狱——曼德拉被关押的最后一个监狱，也是在那里，他和前妻温妮一起举起拳头庆祝胜利，他将此标记为一个革命战士到政界元老的过渡期。

屋子里面，桌上点着蜡烛，也就是在这张桌前，曼德拉和当时在任的总统德克勒克达成了历史性和解。“我特别难过，伤感，但是也很骄傲能够活在他的时代，”清洁工人Jo-Anne Aranes说道，她的车上贴着绿金黑三色的非洲人国民大会的旗帜。她10岁的女儿在她身旁。“这对我尤其特别，因为我的女儿可以在这学习我们的历史，”她说道。