中国EMBA的崛起

Twenty years ago management education was a pipe dream for most Chinese managers, but today China is the hottest place to study for an executive MBA. With five of the top 10 programmes in the 2012 FT executive MBA ranking taught there, China dominates this degree sector.

20年前，接受管理教育对于中国的大多数管理人员而言还是天方夜谭，但今天，中国是攻读高管工商管理硕士课程(EMBA)最热门的地方。在2012年英国《金融时报》EMBA排行榜中，中国有五家商学院名列前茅，在该学位领域占据主导地位。

Ninety per cent of MBA students in China choose to study on part-time and executive programmes, making the executive MBA in China “very special, says Qian Yingyi, dean of the School of Economics and Management at Tsinghua, arguably China’s most prestigious university. “The Chinese business school programme that is world class is the executive MBA, says Qian. “This is the Chinese contribution to the world in business education.

清华大学经济管理学院院长钱颖一表示，90%的中国MBA学生选择在业余时间攻读EMBA课程，因此中国的EMBA“非常特别。清华可以说是中国最有名望的学府。钱颖一说：“中国达到世界一流水平的商学院项目就是EMBA。这是中国对全世界商业教育的贡献。

One reason for this dominance is that today’s corporate leaders in China were educated before business education became fashionable. “Most of them did not go to business school in their 20s to do an MBA, says Qian. He believes there are two further reasons for the executive MBA’s popularity. “The Chinese love degrees – it’s a very Chinese phenomenon. And the club effect in China is much stronger than even at MIT or Harvard.

中国EMBA占据主导地位的一个原因是，当今的中国企业领导人在接受教育时，工商管理教育尚未流行。钱颖一指出：“他们中的大多数人在20来岁的时候没有进商学院学习过MBA课程。他认为，EMBA的流行还有两个原因。“中国人热衷于学历——这是中国独有的现象；而且俱乐部效应在中国甚至比在麻省理工学院(MIT)或者哈佛(Harvard)还要强烈得多。

But there is also the fear among managers that in a rapidly changing economy it is folly to take time out to study full time, says Lu Xiongwen, dean of the School of Management at Fudan University in Shanghai. “Our part-time students are very senior and very experienced. If they quit their jobs they cannot catch up with their peers.

上海复旦大学管理学院院长陆雄文表示，管理人员们还担心，在一个日新月异的经济环境下，花费时间全职上学殊为不智。“我们的兼职学生资历很深，经验丰富。如果他们辞掉工作，就难以追上同行了。

As well as boasting top-quality executive MBA programmes, China is also home to some of the largest. Ceibs, the China European International Business School – which has campuses in Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen – enrols some 700 new executive MBA students every year. “Ninety per cent of our business is teaching 40-year-olds, not 30-year-olds, says dean John Quelch.

中国不仅拥有一流的EMBA项目，而且还拥有最庞大的就读人员。在北京、上海和深圳均有分校的中欧国际工商学院(Ceibs)每年新招收约700名EMBA学生。院长约翰·奎尔奇(John Quelch)表示：“我们90%的工作是教授40来岁的人，而不是30来岁的人。

The executive MBA is also the degree of choice for China’s first private business school, Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business (also with campuses in Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen), which has some of China’s top executives on its programme.

EMBA也是中国首家民办商学院——长江商学院(Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business)的首选学位。该学院也在北京、上海和深圳开设了分校。中国某些顶级高管就在长江商学院攻读EMBA。

Many of the Chinese programmes are taught through collaboration with other global business schools. Some schools – Fudan, for example – run multiple programmes with counterparts elsewhere.

中国的许多EMBA项目是与全球其他商学院合作开办的。有些学校（例如复旦）与其他国家的多所院校合作开展了多个项目。

Collaboration brings its own challenges, says Didier Guillot, director of the OneMBA programme at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. The programme draws together five business schools in the US, China, the Netherlands, Mexico and Brazil. “We have had to learn about cultural differences, but this is what we are teaching. We have made it work.

香港中文大学(Chinese University of Hong Kong)OneMBA项目主管迪迪埃·吉约(Didier Guillot)表示，合作本身也带来挑战。该项目是由美国、中国、荷兰、墨西哥和巴西的五所商学院合办的。“我们必须了解文化差异，不过这也正是我们教授的内容。我们让它运转起来了。

Christopher Earley, dean of Krannert School of Management at Purdue University in Lafayette, Indiana, in the US, is also a fan of collaboration in global programmes. Later this month he is expected to announce an expansion of the Krannert multi-school executive MBA to include schools in China and elsewhere, as well as the existing partnerships in Hungary, the Netherlands and Germany.

普渡大学(Purdue University)Krannert商学院印第安纳州拉菲特分校校长克里斯多佛·欧莱(Christopher Earley)也热衷于在全球合作开展EMBA项目。预计他将在本月末宣布扩大Krannert的多院校EMBA合作项目，涵盖中国和其他国家的院校，同时深化与现有的匈牙利、荷兰和德国的合作关系。

Educational tourism is on the wane, believes Earley. “Schools have tended to take the executives and drop them in China for two weeks and it isn’t really integrated, he says. “I have found it very dissatisfying.

欧莱认为，“教育旅游正在衰退。他表示：“过去商学院喜欢把高管扔到中国呆两周，但这并不能真正让他们融合进去。我发现这种做法很不尽如人意。

Single-school programmes have recognised this and many are beefing up the overseas experience. At Sa?d Business School at the University of Oxford, executive MBA students will soon visit India and study the operation course of the programme there with one of the professors. “We are taking students to areas where faculty do their research, says Kathy Harvey, executive MBA programme director.

单一学院课程认识到了这一点，因此很多项目正在加强海外学习经历。在牛津大学(University of Oxford)赛德商学院(Sa?d Business School)，EMBA学生将很快与某位教授一起访问印度，学习项目中的运营课程。EMBA项目主管凯西·哈维(Kathy Harvey)表示：“我们把学生带到教师做研究的地区。

And at Melbourne Business School in Australia, its senior executive MBA teaches an intensive four-week block outside the country. The module is taught in China, Germany and the US with the help of Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University in Illinois, the US, and WHU Beisheim in Vallendar, Germany.

在澳大利亚墨尔本商学院(Melbourne Business School)，其高级EMBA项目要在国外完成为期四周的密集模块课程。该模块在中国、德国和美国完成教学，在美国是与伊利诺伊州西北大学(Northwestern University)凯洛格商学院(Kellogg School of Management)展开合作，在德国是与Vallendar的科布伦次奥托贝森管理研究院(WHU-Otto Beisheim School of Management)合作。

This fragmentation of the market also means a single business school can run multiple programmes. Kenan-Flagler Business School at the University of North Carolina, for example, runs four programmes: two domestic executive MBAs, the online MBA@UNC and the OneMBA.

这种市场碎片化也意味着，一个商学院可以开展多个项目。例如，北卡罗莱纳大学Kenan-Flagler商学院开设了四个项目：两种国内EMBA、一种在线的MBA@UNC以及OneMBA。

James Dean, dean of Kenan-Flagler, argues that the degrees do not compete with each other but appeal to different age groups with different levels of access to the school. But he believes all executive MBAs programmes will increasingly become online.

Kenan-Flagler学院院长詹姆斯·迪恩(James Dean)辩称，这些学位之间不会相互竞争，而是迎合了不同年龄群体、接受教育程度不同的人士的需求。但他认为所有的EMBA项目都会逐渐变为网络教学。

“When we started out we thought online was a pale imitation. We no longer think that, says Dean. “It is astonishing how quickly the ground has changed over the past year.

迪恩表示：“刚开始推出网络课程的时候，我们曾认为它只是拙劣的模仿。现在不会这么认为了。过去一年网络课程变化之快令人震惊。

Other changes in the market relate to the aspirations of students. Gone are the days when executive MBA students were sponsored by their employer: at best only one-third receive financial support from employers today. At Michael Smurfit Graduate Business School at University College Dublin “participants used to be 75 per cent company-sponsored; now, it is zero, says Damien McLoughlin, associate dean.

市场的其他变化与学生的抱负有关。雇主资助员工攻读EMBA的日子一去不复返了：如今最多只有三分之一的学生得到雇主的资金支持。都柏林大学学院(University College Dubilin)迈克尔·斯墨菲特商业研究生院(Michael Smurfit Graduate School of Business)副院长达米安·麦克洛克林 (Damien McLoughlin)表示，在该学院，“过去有75%的学员获得企业资助；现在则为零。

“Ten years ago executive MBA participants were picked by their firms, says Harvey at Oxford. “That has changed significantly. The applicants are very focused on their own development, their own persona.

剑桥的哈维表示：“10年前，企业挑选攻读EMBA的人眩现在则发生了重大改变。申请者非常关注自身的发展和身份。

“The people we interview are thinking about who they are and who they want to be in 10 years. They are looking at board-level appointments and asking whether they want to do that.

“受访人士考虑的问题是，自己现在是什么人，10年后想成为什么人。他们寻求得到董事级别的任命，并询问自己是否希望这样做。

Another development in the executive MBA market centres around the use of the Graduate Management Admission Test as an entry requirement. Kristen Lynas at Insead, which runs its executive MBA in France, Singapore, Abu Dhabi and in Beijing in partnership with Tsinghua, says the school has dropped the GMAT in favour of its own truncated test to focus on the skills needed by these more senior managers. Other business schools are watching with interest as Insead reports increased applications this year.

EMBA市场的另一种发展主要与把研究生管理学入学考试(GMAT)作为入学测试有关。欧洲工商管理学院(Insead)的克里斯滕·利纳斯(Kristen Lynas)表示，该学院放弃了GMAT，改用自己删减过的测试，注重考察这些高级管理人员所需要的技能。Insead在法国、新加坡、阿布扎比以及在北京与清华大学开设EMBA课程。Insead报告称，今年的申请人数上升，其他商学院饶有兴味地关注着这些发展。

Back in China, Fudan’s Lu believes the growth in executive MBA programmes will eventually slow down. “Executive MBA courses are now growing, but in five or 10 years they will step into maturity and the full-time programme will become the flagship.

回到中国，复旦的陆雄文认为，EMBA项目的增长最终将减缓。“现在EMBA课程在增长，但在未来5-10年内，EMBA项目将走向成熟，全职项目将成为主流。

In China, schools are already showing signs of maturity. While a decade ago the trend was for US and European schools to establish programmes in China, Chinese schools are now establishing programmes overseas. Ceibs has launched its executive MBA in Ghana, for example. And Cheung Kong is planning to launch an executive MBA in London and New York.

中国的商学院已经开始显露成熟的迹象。10年前的趋势是，美国和欧洲的商学院来华开设课程，而如今是中国的商学院在海外开设课程。例如，Ceibs在加纳开设了EMBA课程。长江商学院正在计划在伦敦和纽约开设EMBA课程。