2017届高考英语二轮 专题复习与增分策略 阅读理解6 篇章结构类（课件）

　　doing

　　temptation

　　meet/face

　　to

　　it would make them socially awkward to appear in public 但是，奇怪的是，针对女子所采用的标准与男子的相反。 答案　B 答案　A 答案　C 答案　C Going by what Tim said，we should be there at

　　about three in the afternoon.

　　at

　　under

　　have a good command of

　　It means the parent­teen war. The Reasons for the Parent­teen Conflict

　　答案　C 答案　B 答案　C 答案　B out of

　　by

　　at

　　by

　　turns

　　I’m not just doing this for my own sake，you know.

　　己所不欲，勿施于人。

　　Socrates was more radical and idealistic than Confu- cius；Socrates focused on the individual；Socrates

　　thought the family was not important and the comm- unity of little concern.

　　返回

　　答案　C 答案　A 答案

　　C

　　答案　B 答案

　　A

　　答案　D likes

　　his parents

　　he

　　for

　　to

　　to talk

　　Windmills.

　　The process of wind being used.

　　答案　B 答案　D 答案　D 答案　A make sense of

　　senses

　　It made good sense to continue with the reforms.

　　六、篇章结构类

　　1.篇章结构类题目的特点

　　篇章结构题的考查对象是整个篇章或其中的某个段落。考查同学们在理解全文的基础上对文章所描述事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或在论述观点过程中使用的方法进行推测、归纳和总结的能力。在解答此类题目之前，有必要对全篇或被考查的段落进行通读以了解其大意。

　　篇章结构题的题干表现形式有：

　　(1)Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?

　　(2)In the next part，the author would most probably discuss with you...

　　(3)The second paragraph is developed by...

　　(4)How does the passage develop?

　　(5)The author answers the question raised in the first paragraph with...

　　2.篇章结构类阅读理解的备考策略

　　这种题型可分为两种：考查对文章整体结构的把握；考查根据现有文章预测后文的能力。

　　(1)对于文章——段落的发展方法题，关键在于找出篇章或段落中表示层次发展的关键词，如表示时间、方位、因果关系或对比的关联词等。一般可通过仔细阅读文章，并根据其内在逻辑关系及内容来进行判断。

　　(2)对于推测出作者接下来要叙述的事件将要发表的观点题，同学们要在正确理解篇章内容的基础上对文章的发展作出合理的推断。这些推断往往不是凭空臆断，同学们需要重点依据篇章最后一段(特别是最后一句话)作出判断。作者总会给读者充分的证据对文章的发展进行推测：或是说明了两个对象中的一个；或是只讲了区别，没讲联系；或是只给出了理论解释，而缺少事例的证明。

　　实例透析

　　1.(2011·陕西卷·D)Ever since they were first put on the market in the early 1990s，genetically modified (GM，转基因) foods have been increasingly developed and marketed in many countries in the world，mainly on the basis of their promise to end the worldwide food crisis.But can GM technology solve world hunger problems? Even if it would，is it the best solution?

　　Despite what it promises，GM technology actually has not increased the production potential (潜力) of any crop.In fact，studies show that the most widely grown GM crops，GM soybeans，has suffered reduced productivity.For instance，a report that analysed nearly two decades of research on major GM food crops shows that GM engineering has failed to significantly increase US crop production.

　　Something else，however，has been on the rise.While GM seeds are expensive，GM companies tell farmers that they will make good profits by saving money on pesticides(杀虫剂).On the contrary，US government data show that GM crops in the US have produced an overall increase in pesticide use compared to traditional crops.“The promise was that you could use less chemicals and boost production.But neither is true，” said Bill Christison，President of the US National Family Farm Coalition.

　　At the same time，the authors of the book World Hunger：Twelve Myths argue that there actually is more than enough food in the world and that the hunger crisis is not caused by production，but by problems in food distribution and politics.These indeed deserve our efforts and money.Meanwhile，the rise in food prices results from the increased use of crops for fuel rather than food，according to a 2008 World Bank report.

　　As a matter of fact，scientists see better ways to feed the world.Another World Bank report concluded that GM crops have little to offer to the challenges of worldwide poverty and hunger，because better ways out are available，among which “green” farming is supposed to be the first choice.

　　57.The author develops the second paragraph mainly

　　.

　　A.by classification

　　B.by comparison

　　C.by example

　　D.by process

　　解析　第二段主要通过举例来证明观点，故应选C项。

　　2.(2010·安徽卷·E)The need to feed a growing population is putting much pressure on the world’s supply of water.With 97% of the world’s water too salty to be drunk or used in agriculture，the worldwide supply of water needs careful management，especially in agriculture.Although the idea of a water shortage(短缺) seems strange to someone fortunate enough to live in a high rainfall country，many of the world’s agriculture industries experience constant water shortages.

　　Although dams can be built to store water for agricultural use in dry areas and dry seasons，the costs of water redistribution(重新分配) are very high.Not only is there the cost of the engineering itself，but there is also an environmental cost to be considered.Where valleys(山谷) are flooded to create dams，houses are lost and wildlife homes destroyed.Besides，water may flow easily through pipes to fields，but it cannot be transported from one side of the world to the other.Each country must therefore rely on the management of its own water to supply its farming requirements.

　　This is particularly troubling for countries with agricultural industries in areas dependent on irrigation(灌溉).In Texas，farmers’ overuse of irrigation water has resulted in a 25% reduction of the water stores.In the Central Valley area of southwestern USA，a huge water engineering project provided water for farming in dry valleys，but much of the water use has been poorly managed.

　　Saudi Arabia’s attempts to grow wheat in desert areas have seen the pumping of huge quantities of irrigation water from underground reserves.Because there is no rainfall in these areas，such reserves can only decrease，and it is believed that fifty years of pumping will see them run dry.

　　74.What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows?

　　A.Steps to improve water use management.

　　B.Ways to reduce the costs of building dams.

　　C.Measures to deal with worldwide water shortages.

　　D.Approaches to handle the pressure on water supply.

　　解析　篇章结构类。文章论述了水资源匮乏的原因，可采取的措施及严峻的用水形式，本题A、B、C、D四项中极有可能再论述到的内容应是对有限的水资源的充分利用问题。

　　考题印证

　　A

　　(2011·安徽卷·B)Think about the different ways that people use the wind.You can use it to fly a kite or to sail a boat.Wind is one of our cleanest and richest power sources(来源)，as well as one of the oldest.Evidence shows that windmills(风车) began to be used in ancient Iran back in the seventh century BC.They were first introduced to Europe during the 1100s，when armies returned from the Middle East with knowledge of using wind power.

　　For many centuries，people used windmills to grind(磨碎) wheat into flour or pump water from deep underground.When electricity was discovered in the late 1800s，people living in remote areas began to use them to produce electricity.This allowed them to have electric lights and radio.However，by the 1940s when electricity was available to people in almost all areas of the United States，windmills were rarely used.

　　During the 1970s，people started becoming concerned about the pollution that is created when coal and gas are burned to produce electricity.People also realized that the supply of coal and gas would not last forever.Then，wind was rediscovered，though it means higher costs.Today，there is a global movement to supply more and more of our electricity through the use of wind.

　　1.From the text we know that windmills

　　.

　　A.were invented by European armies

　　B.have a history of more than 2,800 years

　　C.used to supply power to radio in remote areas

　　D.have rarely been used since electricity was discovered

　　解析　推理判断题。根据文章第二段中“This allowed them to have electric lights and radio.”可以推断出风能被用于电灯和无线电。由第一段最后一句中的“with knowledge of using wind power”可知A项中军队是使用(use)而不是发明(invent)了风车；B项中more than是“超过”，因此时间不对；由第二段最后一句中“in almost all areas of the United States，windmills were rarely used.”可知风车只是在美国很少被使用，因此D项中的范围不对。

　　2.What was a new use for wind power in the late 19th century?

　　A.Sailing a boat.

　　B.Producing electricity.

　　C.Grinding wheat into flour.

　　D.Pumping water from underground.

　　解析　细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句“When electricity was discovered in the late 1800s，people living in remote areas began to use them to produce electricity.”可知风能在19世纪晚期就在一些偏远地区被用来发电了，所以B项正确。

　　3.One of the reasons wind was rediscovered in the 1970s is that

　　.

　　A.wind power is cleaner

　　B.it is one of the oldest power sources

　　C.it was cheaper to create energy from wind

　　D.the supply of coal and gas failed to meet needs

　　解析　推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“During the 1970s，people started becoming concerned about the pollution that is created when coal and gas are burned to produce electricity.”可知coal and gas会污染环境，再根据常识可以断定A项正确。

　　4.What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?

　　A.The advantage of wind power.

　　B.The design of wind power plants.

　　C.The worldwide movement to save energy.

　　D.The global trend towards producing power from wind.

　　解析　推理判断题。根据文章第三段最后一句“Today，there is a global movement to supply more and more of our electricity through the use of wind.”可以推断下一步就要涉及风能在全世界的开发利用趋势，即“The global trend (趋势) towards producing power from wind.”。因此D项正确。

　　211工程(优秀生选做题)

　　2.vocabulary：

　　(1)as well as也；和

　　A：He，as well as his parents， (like) watching TV.

　　B：Not only but also ___ likes watching TV.

　　(2)available adj.可获得的；可利用的；闲暇的

　　There is no money available this project.

　　Not all the facts are made available __ us.

　　My tutor is always available _______ (talk) to her students.

　　1.What does the underlined word “them” in Para.2 mean?

　　___________

　　1.What is the main idea of the passage?

　　_______________________________

　　B

　　(2010·重庆卷·C)It is hardly surprising that clothing manufacturers(生产商) follow certain uniform standards for various features(特征) of clothes.What seems strange，however，is that the standard adopted for women is the opposite of the one for men.Take a look at the way your clothes button.Men’s clothes tend to button from the right，and women’s from the left.Considering most of the world’s population—men and women—are right­handed，the men’s standard would appear to make more sense for women.So why do women’s clothes button from the left?

　　History really seems to matter here.Buttons first appeared only on the clothes of the rich in the 17th century，when rich women were dressed by servants.For the mostly right­handed servants，having women’s shirts button from the left would be easier.On the other hand，having men’s shirts button from the right made sense，too.Most men dressed themselves，and a sword drawn from the left with the right hand would be less likely to get caught in the shirt.

　　Today women are seldom dressed by servants，but buttoning from the left is still the standard for them.Is it interesting？Actually，a standard，once set，resists change.At a time when all women’s shirts buttoned from the left，it would have been risky for any single manufacture to offer women’s shirts that buttoned from the right.After all，women had grown so used to shirts which buttoned from the left and would have to develop new habits and skills to switch.Besides，some women might have found it socially awkward to appear in public wearing shirts that buttoned from the right，since anyone who noticed that would believe they were wearing men’s shirts.

　　1.What is surprising about the standard of the clothing industry?

　　A.It has been followed by the industry for over 400 years.

　　B.It is different for men’s clothing and women’s.

　　C.It works better with men than with women.

　　D.It fails to consider right­handed people.

　　解析　细节理解题。由第一段第四句“Men’s clothes tend to button from the right，and women’s from the left.”可以得出答案。

　　2.What do we know about the rich men in the 17th century?

　　A.They tended to wear clothes without buttons.

　　B.They were interested in historical matters.

　　C.They were mostly dressed by servants.

　　D.They drew their swords from the left.

　　解析　细节理解题。由第二段最后一句“Most men dressed themselves，and a sword drawn from the left...”可以得出答案。

　　3.Women’s clothes still button from the left today because

　　.

　　A.adopting men’s style is improper for women

　　B.manufacturers should follow standards

　　C.modern women dress themselves

　　D.customs are hard to change

　　解析　细节理解题。由最后一段第三句话“Actually，a standard，once set，resists change.”可以得出答案。

　　4.The passage is mainly developed by

　　.

　　A.analyzing causes

　　B.making comparisons

　　C.examining differences

　　D.following the time order

　　解析　篇章结构题。文章先是提出男女服装上系纽扣的区别，然后再分析这种习俗的原因。

　　211工程(优秀生选做题)

　　2.vocabulary：

　　(1)make sense有道理，讲得通

　　理解……；弄懂……

　　come to one’s变得理智

　　in a/one sense从某种意义上说

　　There is no sense in doing...做……是不明智的。

　　继续改革是非常明智的。

　　(2)resist v.抵制；抵抗

　　Resist...忍住做……

　　resist the抵制诱惑

　　resistance遭到抵制

　　esistant __...反对……

　　1.翻译句子

　　What seems strange，however，is that the standard adopted for women isthe opposite of the one for men.

　　1.Some women would not like to wear clothes buttoned from the

　　right because ______________________________________________

　　_______________________.

　　C

　　(2010·湖北卷·B)For many parents，raising a teenager is like fighting a long war，but years go by without any clear winner.Like a border conflict between neighboring countries，the parent­teen war is about boundaries：Where is the line between what I control and what you do?

　　Both sides want peace，but neither feels it has any power to stop the conflict.In part，this is because neither is willing to admit any responsibility for starting it.From the parents’ point of view，the only cause of their fight is their adolescents’complete unreasonableness.And of course，the teens see it in exactly the same way，except oppositely.Both feel trapped.

　　In this article，I’ll describe three no­win situations that commonly arise between teens and parents and then suggest some ways out of the trap.The first no­win situation is quarrels over unimportant things.Examples include the color of the teen’s hair，the cleanliness of the bedroom，the preferred style of clothing，the child’s failure to eat a good breakfast before school，or his tendency to sleep until noon on the weekends.Second，blaming.The goal of a blaming battle is to make the other admit that his bad attitude is the reason why everything goes wrong.Third，needing to be right.

　　It doesn’t matter what the topic is—politics，the laws of physics，or the proper way to break an egg—the point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong，for both wish to be considered an authority—someone who actually knows something—and therefore to command respect.Unfortunately，as long as parents and teens continue to assume that they know more than the other，they’ll continue to fight these battles forever and never make any real progress.

　　1.Why does the author compare the parent­teen war to a border conflict?

　　A.Both can continue for generations.

　　B.Both are about where to draw the line.

　　C.Neither has any clear winner.

　　D.Neither can be put to an end.

　　解析　细节理解题。根据第一段第二句话可知，像邻国之间的冲突一样，父母与青少年之间的战争就是关于边界的问题。

　　2.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 mean?

　　A.The teens blame their parents for starting the conflict.

　　B.The teens agree with their parents on the cause of the conflict.

　　C.The

　　teens accuse their parents of misleading them.

　　D.The teens tend to have a full understanding of their parents.

　　解析　词义猜测题。根据第二段可知，父母与十几岁的青少年都不想承认是自己引起了冲突，都在指责对方挑起事端，故选择A项。

　　3.Parents and teens want to be right because they want to

　　.

　　A.give orders to the other

　　B.know more than the other

　　C.gain respect from the other

　　D.get the other to behave properly

　　解析　细节理解题。由最后一段中的“Third，needing to be right.It doesn’t matter what the topic is—politics，the laws of physics，...and therefore to command respect.”可知，应选择C项。

　　4.What will the author most probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?

　　A.Causes for the parent­teen conflicts.

　　B.Examples of the parent­teen war.

　　C.Solutions for the parent­teen problems.

　　D.Future of the parent­teen relationship.

　　解析　推理判断题。由最后一段第一句“In this article，I’ll describe three no­win situations that commonly arise between teens and parents and then suggest some ways out of the trap.”可知，应选C项。

　　211工程(优秀生选做题)

　　2.vocabulary：

　　(1)go by(时间)流逝；根据……所说；路过

　　go by appearance以貌取人

　　根据蒂姆所说，我们应该在下午3点左右到那里。

　　(2)command v.率领；指挥；博得；n.命令；指挥

　　command sb.to do...命令某人做……

　　one’s command运用自如

　　one’s command在某人的指挥下

　　精通……

　　1.What does the underlined word “it” in Para.2 mean?

　　1.What is the best title of the passage?

　　____________________________________________________________________________________________

　　D

　　(2010·江西卷·C)Kong Zi，also called Confucius(551－479 B.C.)，and Socrates (469－399 B.C.) lived only a hundred years apart，and during their lifetimes there was no contact between China and Greece，but it is interesting to look at how the world that each of these great philosophers came from shaped their ideas，and how these ideas in turn，shaped their societies.

　　Neither philosopher lived in times of peace，though there were more wars in Greece than in China.The Chinese states were very large and feudal，while the Greek city­states were small and urban.The urban environment in which Socrates lived allowed him to be more radical(激进的) than Confucius.Unlike Confucius，Socrates was not asked by rulers how to govern effectively.Thus Socrates was able to be more idealistic，focusing on issues like freedom，and knowledge for its own sake.Confucius，on the other hand，advised those in government service，and many of his students went on to government service.

　　Confucius suggested the Golden Rule as a principle for the conduct of life：“Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you.”He assumed that all men were equal at birth，though some had more potential than others，and that it was knowledge that set men apart.Socrates focused on the individual，and thought that the greatest purpose of man was to seek wisdom.He believed that some had more potential to develop their reason than others did.Like Confucius，he believed that the superior class should rule the inferior(下层的) classes.

　　For Socrates，the family was of no importance，and the community of little concern.For Confucius，however，the family was the centre of society，with family relations considered much more important than political relations.

　　Both men are respected much more today than they were in their lifetimes.

　　1.Which of the following is TRUE according to the first paragraph?

　　A.Socrates and Confucius had much in common.

　　B.Confucius had much influence on Socrates’ ideas.

　　C.The societies were influenced by the philosophers’ideas.

　　D.There were cultural exchanges between China and Greece.

　　解析　推理判断题。由第一段最后一句话可知，两位哲学家所生存的社会使他们形成了自己的思想，而反过来，他们的思想又影响了他们所赖以生存的社会。

　　2.Socrates spared the idea with Confucius that

　　.

　　A.all men were equal when they were born

　　B.the lower classes should be ruled by the upper class

　　C.the purpose of man was to seek freedom and wisdom

　　D.people should not ask others to do what they did not want to

　　解析　细节理解题。由第三段最后一句话“Like Confucius，he believed that the superior class should rule the inferior classes.”可知，两位哲学家思想的共同之处就是他们都认为下层社会应被上层社会所统治。

　　3.What made some people different from others according to Confucius?

　　A.Family.

　　B.Potential.

　　C.Knowledge.

　　D.Community.

　　解析　细节理解题。由第三段中“...，and that it was knowledge that set men apart.”可知，孔子认为是知识使得人与人之间不同。

　　4.This passage is organized in the pattern of

　　.

　　A.time and events

　　B.comparison and contrast

　　C.cause and effect

　　D.definition and classification

　　解析　推理判断题。纵观全文，文章用对比的手法叙述了两位古代哲学家思想的异同。

　　211工程(优秀生选做题)

　　2.vocabulary：

　　(1)in turn依次；反过来

　　turn不按次序地

　　turns轮流

　　take turns doing/to do...轮流做……

　　A：They took turns at driving.

　　B：They drove .

　　(2)for one’s own sake为了……

　　我做这件事不只是为我自己，你知道。

　　1.翻译句子

　　Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you.

　　1.What differences do Socrates and Confucius have?

　　________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________