2017届高考英语二轮 专题复习与增分策略 阅读理解1 主旨大意类（课件）

　　答案　A 答案　C To our amazement，he actually refused to help us.

　　consist in

　　有说服力的科学证据，即它们事实上是不同的种类。 size differences. 长期以来在科技领域关于这两种大象可能是不同的 种类一事一直存在着争论，但是这是到目前为止最 Previously，many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest

　　elephants were two populations of the same

　　species，despite the elephants’ significant 答案　C 答案　A 答案

　　C 答案　C 答案　D be beneficial to from/by

　　for one’s benefit survived her husband If a species spreads wider，its chance of

　　Without the ability to reach out across space， survival will be better.

　　the chance to save ourselves might not exist. 答案　D 答案

　　A 答案

　　B 答案　A 答案　B 78. The garden city of Chicago and the garden city of London. by/with

　　migrate surrounding

　　返回

　　答案　D 答案　B 答案　C 答案　A 答案　B 答案　A 答案　C 答案

　　A 答案　D suffer is recognized as at a loss

　　If he can’t do the work，then he is no good to

　　He refuses to face the fact that he has failed

　　and kills himself in the end. his employer，the Wagner Company，and he

　　must go. 答案

　　D 答案　C 答案

　　A 专题三　阅读理解

　　一、主旨大意类

　　1．主旨大意类题目的设题方式：

　　(1)The main idea of the passage is ________.

　　(2)What does the passage mainly deal with?

　　(3)What’s the main idea/topic/subject/point/theme of the passage?

　　(4)The passage is mainly about ________.

　　(5)The best title for the passage is ________.

　　(6)The article is written to explain ________.

　　(7)The second paragraph uses the facts to develop the essential idea that ________.

　　(8)Which of the following statements best summarizes the author’s main point?

　　(9)What is the main problem being discussed in the passage?

　　2．备考策略

　　此类问题属于全局性的问题，难度相对较大，因此必须阅读全文，抓住文章的中心思想。下列几种策略有助于快速准确地把握文章的中心思想：

　　(1)把此类问题留在最后。因为回答其他细节性问题后，自然就会对文章大意有一定的了解。

　　(2)找出文章的中心思想句。要把注意力放在阅读材料的开头和结尾，放在观点性、归纳性和概括性的句子上，放在被许多句子说明和证实的句子上。

　　(3)找出各个段落的主题句。主题句有以下几个特征：①它是概括全段思想的句子；②一般出现在段首，其次是段尾，有的出现在段落当中；③它表达的是观点，而不是事实。

　　(4)注意由in summary，in a word，as a result，finally，in short，in conclusion和in brief等“信号词”引导的句子。

　　(5)正确选项的特点：不出现细节信息；不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词。

　　(6)干扰项特点：细节信息明显；过于笼统。

　　实例透析1．(2011·安徽卷·D)

　　Ireland has had a very difficult history.The problems started in the 16th century when English rulers tried to conquer (征服) Ireland.For hundreds of years，the Irish people fought against the English.Finally，in 1921，the British government was forced to give independence to the south of Ireland.The result is that today there are two “Irelands”．Northern Ireland，in the north，is part of the United Kingdom.The Republic of Ireland，in the south，is an independent country.

　　In the 1840s the main crop，potatoes，was affected by disease and about 750,000 people died of hunger.This，and a shortage (短缺) of work，forced many people to leave Ireland and live in the USA，the UK，Australia and Canada.As a result of these problems，the population fell from 8.2 million in 1841 to 6.6 million in 1851.

　　For many years，the majority of Irish people earned their living as farmers.Today，many people still work on the land but more and more people are moving to the cities to work in factories and offices.Life in the cities is very different from life in the countryside，where things move at a quieter and slower pace.

　　The Irish are famous for being warm—hearted and friendly.Oscar Wilde，a famous Irish writer，once said that the Irish were “the greatest talkers since the Greeks”．Since independence，Ireland has revived(复兴) its own culture of music，language，literature and singing.Different areas have different styles of old Irish songs which are sung without instruments.Other kinds of Irish music use many different instruments such as the violin，whistles，etc.

　　68．What does the author tell us in Paragraph 1?

　　A．How the Irish fought against the English.

　　B．How Ireland gained independence.

　　C．How English rulers tried to conquer Ireland.

　　D．How two “Irelands” came into being.

　　解析　主旨大意题。通读第一段可知，本段介绍了爱尔兰共和国(The Republic of Ireland)及北爱尔兰(Northern Ireland)的由来，故D项正确。

　　70．The last paragraph is mainly about ________.

　　A．the Irish character

　　B．Irish culture

　　C．Irish musical instruments

　　D．a famous Irish writer

　　解析　主旨大意题。文章末段从爱尔兰民族习性、音乐、语言及文学等方面介绍了爱尔兰民族文化，故B项正确。A、C、D各项虽都提及，但都是细节。

　　解析　标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文从地理状况、人口发展、经济情况以及社会生活等方面介绍了爱尔兰共和国的过去及现在，故C项最为全面。

　　71．What can be the best title for the text?

　　A．Life in Ireland

　　B．A Very Difficult History

　　C．Ireland，Past and Present

　　D．The Independence of Ireland

　　2．(2011·重庆卷·D)

　　William Butler Yeats，a most famous Irish writer，was born in Dublin on June 13,1865.His childhood lacked the harmony (和睦) that was typical of a happy family.Later，Yeats shocked his family by saying that he remembered “little of childhood but its pain”．In fact，he inherited (继承) excellent taste in art from his family—both his father and his brother were painters.But he finally settled on literature，particularly drama (戏剧) and poetry.

　　Yeats had strong faith in the coming of new artistic movements.He set himself the fresh task in founding an Irish national theatre in the late 1890s.His early theatrical experiments，however，were not received favorably at the beginning.He didn’t lose heart，and finally enjoyed success in his poetical drama.

　　Compared with his dramatic works，Yeats’s poems attract much admiring notice.The subject matter includes love，nature，history，time and aging.Though Yeats generally relied on very traditional forms，he brought modern sensibility to them.As his literary life progressed，his poetry grew finer and richer，which led him to worldwide recognition.

　　He had not enjoyed a major public lift since winning the Nobel Prize in 1923.Yet，he continued writing almost to the end of his life.Had Yeats stopped writing at age 40，he would probably now be valued as a minor poet，for there is no other example in literary history of a poet who produces his greatest works between the ages of 50 and 75.After Yeats’s death in 1939，W.H.Auden wrote，among others，the following lines：

　　Earth，receive an honoured guest：

　　William Yeats is laid to rest.

　　Let the Irish vessel (船) lie

　　Emptied of its poetry.

　　71.What is the passage mainly about?

　　A．Yeats’s literary achievements.

　　B．Yeats’s historical influence.

　　C．Yeats’s artistic ambition.

　　D．Yeats’s national honor.

　　解析　主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了William Butler Yeats的文学成就。

　　考题印证

　　A

　　(2011·山东卷·A)Arthur Miller(1915－2005) is universally recognized as one of the greatest dramatists of the 20th century.Miller’s father had moved to the USA from Austria­Hungary，drawn like so many others by the “Great American Dream”．However，he experienced severe financial hardship when his family business was ruined in the Great Depression of the early 1930s.

　　Miller’s most famous play，Death of a Salesman，is a powerful attack on the American system，with its aggressive way of doing business and its insistence on money and social status as indicators of worth.In Willy Loman，the hero of the play，we see a man who has got into trouble with this system.Willy is “burnt out” and in the cruel world of business there is no room for sentiment：if he can’t do the work，then he is no good to his employer，the Wagner Company，and he must go.Willy is painfully aware of this，and at a loss as to what to do with his lack of success.He refuses to face the fact that he has failed and kills himself in the end.

　　When it was first staged in 1949，the play was greeted with enthusiastic reviews，and it won the Tony Award for Best Play，the New York Drama Critics’ Circle Award，and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama.It was the first play to win all three of these major awards.

　　Miller died of heart failure at his home in Roxbury，Connecticut，on the evening of February 10,2005，the 56th anniversary of the first performance of Death of a Salesman on Broadway.

　　1．Why did Arthur Miller’s father move to the USA?

　　A．He suffered from severe hunger in his home country.

　　B．He was attracted by the “Great American Dream”．

　　C．He hoped to make his son a dramatist.

　　D．His family business failed.

　　解析　细节理解题。由第一段中的“Miller’s father had moved to the USA from Austria­Hungary，drawn like so many others by the ‘Great American Dream’．”可知，米勒的父亲搬到美国去是被“伟大的美国梦”所吸引，故选B。

　　2．The play Death of a Salesman ________.

　　A．exposes the cruelty of the American business world

　　B．discusses the ways to get promoted in a company

　　C．talks about the business career of Arthur Miller

　　D．focuses on the skills in doing business

　　解析　细节理解题。由第二段第一句“Miller’s most famous play，Death of a Salesman，is a powerful attack on the American system，with its aggressive way of doing business and its insistence on money and social status as indicators of worth.”可知，《推销员之死》揭露了美国商业社会的残酷，故选A。

　　解析　推理判断题。由第二段中的“...if he can’t do the work，then he is no good to his employer，the Wagner Company，and he must go....in the end.”可推知，Willy Loman是美国社会制度的牺牲品。

　　3．What can we learn about Willy Loman?

　　A．He treats his employer badly.

　　B．He runs the Wagner Company.

　　C．He is a victim of the American system.

　　D．He is regarded as a hero by his colleagues.

　　4．After it was first staged，Death of a Salesman________.

　　A．achieved huge success

　　B．won the first Tony Award

　　C．was warmly welcomed by salesmen

　　D．was severely attacked by dramatists

　　解析　细节理解题。由第三段第一句“When it was first staged in 1949...the Pulitzer Prize for Drama.”可知，这部戏剧获得了巨大的成功，故选A。B项错误在于不是赢得了第一个Tony Award。

　　5．What is the text mainly about?

　　A．Arthur Miller and his family.

　　B．The awards Arthur Miller won.

　　C．The hardship Arthur Miller experienced.

　　D．Arthur Miller and his best­known play.

　　解析　主旨大意题。综合整篇文章可知，本文主要介绍了阿瑟·米勒的生平及其代表作品。

　　211工程(优秀生选做题)

　　2．vocabulary：

　　(1)recognize v．认出；承认

　　recognize...as (be recognized as)把……认为是

　　It is recognized that...人们公认为……

　　他是公认的新一届冠军。

　　He the new champion.

　　(2)at a loss不知所措；困惑

　　make a loss亏损

　　                  a loss遭受损失

　　我弄不明白发生了什么事。

　　I was

　　to understand what had happened.

　　1．从文中找出与下句意义相近的句子

　　He wouldn’t like to accept that he is a failure and commits suicide at last.

　　1．What does the underlined word “this” in Para.2 mean?                                                                                                   

　　B

　　(2011·湖南卷·C)A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct (不同的) species.

　　The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard Universities when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephants—the Asian elephant，African forest elephant，and African savanna elephant.

　　Once they obtained DNA sequences (序列) from two fossils (化石)，mammoths and mastodons，the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants.They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.

　　The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years.The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths.This result amazed all the scientists.

　　There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species，but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species.

　　Previously，many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species，despite the elephants’significant size differences.The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5 metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5 metres.The savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons，roughly double the weight of the forest elephant.But the fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species.However the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.

　　Alfred Roca，assistant professor in the Department of Animal Sciences at the University of Illinois，said，“We now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purposes.Since 1950，all African elephants have been conserved as one species.Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinctive animals，the forest elephant should become a bigger priority (优先)for conservation purposes.”

　　1．One of the fossils studied by the researchers is that of ________.

　　A．the Asian elephant

　　B．the forest elephant

　　C．the savanna elephant

　　D．the mastodon elephant

　　解析　细节理解题。由第三段第一句话“...two fossils，mammoths and mastodons...”可知D项正确。

　　解析　词义猜测题。科学家们一直在证明非洲森林大象和非洲草原大象是两个不同的物种，它们之间的差异使科学家们大为惊讶。

　　2．The underlined word “divergence” in Paragraph 4 means “________”．

　　A．evolution

　　B．exhibition

　　C．separation

　　D．examination

　　3．The researchers’ conclusion was based on a study of the African elephants’ ________.

　　A．DNA

　　B．height

　　C．weight

　　D．population

　　解析　细节理解题。由倒数第二段最后一句话“However the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.”可知。

　　4．What are Alfred Roca’s words mainly about?

　　A．The conservation of African elephants.

　　B．The purpose of studying African elephants.

　　C．The way to divide African elephants into two units.

　　D．The reason for the distinction of African elephants.

　　解析　推理判断题。由文章最后一段中“...for conservation purposes”可知A项正确。

　　5．Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?

　　A．Naturalists’ Beliefs about Elephants

　　B．Amazing Experiments about Elephants

　　C．An Unexpected Finding about Elephants

　　D．A Long Scientific Debate about Elephants

　　解析　主旨大意题。全文讲述了关于大象的一项意外的发现。

　　211工程(优秀生选做题)

　　2．vocabulary：

　　(1)to one’s amazement令某人惊讶的是(to one’s＋名词)

　　to one’s surprise使某人吃惊的是

　　to one’s joy让某人高兴的是

　　to one’s disappointment使某人失望的是

　　使我们惊讶的是他实际上拒绝帮助我们。

　　(2)lie in＝在于

　　1．What was the previous belief about the two kinds of elephants?1．翻译句子

　　There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species，but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species.

　　C

　　(2011·江西卷·D)Why should mankind explore space? Why should money，time and effort be spent exploring and researching something with so few apparent benefits? Why should resources be spent on space rather than on conditions and people on the Earth? These are questions that，understandably，are very often asked.

　　Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic make­up(基因构成) as human beings.What drove our ancestors to move from the trees into the plains，and on into all possible areas and environments? The wider the spread of a species，the better its chance of survival.Perhaps the best reason for exploring space is this genetic tendency to expand wherever possible.

　　Nearly every successful civilization has explored，because by doing so，any dangers in surrounding areas can be identified and prepared for.Without knowledge，we may be completely destroyed by the danger.With knowledge，we can lessen its effects.

　　Exploration also allows minerals and other potential (潜在的) resources to be found.Even if we have no immediate need of them，they will perhaps be useful later.Resources may be more than physical possessions.Knowledge or techniques have been acquired through exploration.The techniques may have medical applications which can improve the length or quality of our lives.We have already benefited from other spin­offs including improvements in

　　earthquake prediction，in satellites for weather forecasting and in communication systems.Even non­stick pans and mirrored sunglasses are by­products (副产品) of technological developments in the space industry!

　　While many resources are spent on what seems a small return，the exploration of space allows creative，brave and intelligent members of our species to focus on what may serve to save us.While space may hold many wonders and explanations of how the universe was formed or how it works，it also holds dangers.The danger exists，but knowledge can help human beings to survive.Without the ability to reach out across space，the chance to save ourselves might not exist.

　　While Earth is the only planet known to support life，surely the adaptive ability of humans would allow us to live on other planets.It is true that the lifestyle would be different，but human life and cultures have adapted in the past and surely could in the future.

　　1．Why does the author mention the questions in Paragraph 1?

　　A．To express his doubts.

　　B．To compare different ideas.

　　C．To introduce points for discussion.

　　D．To describe the conditions on Earth.

　　解析　推理判断题，是对作者写作目的和意图的推断。作者提出这些问题是为了引出下文要讨论的观点，故选C。

　　2．What is the reason for exploring space based on Paragraph 2?

　　A．Humans are nature­born to do so.

　　B．Humans have the tendency to fight.

　　C．Humans may find new sources of food.

　　D．Humans don’t like to stay in the same place.

　　解析　细节理解题。由第二段第一句话“Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic make­up (基因构成) as human beings.”和此段最后一句“Perhaps the best reason for exploring space is this genetic tendency to expand wherever possible.可知A项正确。”

　　3．The underlined word “spin­offs” in Paragraph 4 probably refers to________.

　　A．survival chances

　　B．potential resources

　　C．unexpected benefits

　　D．physical possessions

　　解析　词义猜测题。由第四段中的“We have already benefited from other spin­offs including improvements in earthquake prediction，in satellites for weather forecasting and in communication systems.”可推出，此处spin­offs意为“意想不到的好处”。survival chances生存机会；potential resources潜在的资源；unexpected benefits意想不到的好处；physical possessions物质财产，故选C。

　　4．What makes it possible for humans to live on other planets?

　　A．Our genetic make­up.

　　B．Resources on the earth.

　　C．The adaptive ability of humans.

　　D．By­products in space exploration.

　　解析　细节理解题。由倒数第二段最后一句“Without the ability to reach out across space，the chance to save ourselves might not exist.”和最后一段中的“It is true that the lifestyle would be different，but human life and cultures have adapted in the past and surely could in the future.”可以得出人类的适应能力使得人类居住在其他星球成为可能。

　　5．Which of the statements can best sum up the passage?

　　A．Space exploration has created many wonders.

　　B．Space exploration provides the best value for money.

　　C．Space exploration can benefit science and technology.

　　D．Space exploration may help us avoid potential problems on Earth.

　　解析　主旨大意题。由全文内容可知，文章主要讲述太空探索可以帮助人类避免地球上潜在的一些问题。

　　211工程(优秀生选做题)

　　2．vocabulary：

　　(1)benefit v& n.利益

　　be of benefit to＝对……有益

　　benefit 受益于

　　                                  为了某人的利益

　　(2)survive v幸存，活下来；比……活得长

　　survivor n幸存者

　　survival n幸存；残存

　　丈夫死后她又活了十年。

　　She

　　by ten years.

　　1．将下句改为if条件句

　　The wider the spread of a species，the better its chance of survival.

　　1．从文中找出与下句意义相近的句子

　　If we don’t explore space，we won’t live on.D

　　(2011·江西卷·C)The garden city was largely the invention of Ebenezer Howard (1850－1928)．After immigrating from England to the USA，and an unsuccessful attempt to make a living as a farmer，he moved to Chicago，where he saw the reconstruction of the city after the disastrous fire of 1871.In those days，it was nicknamed “the Garden City”，almost certainly the source of Howard’s name for his later building plan of towns.Returning to London，Howard developed his design in the 1880s and 1890s，drawing_on ideas that were popular at the time，but creating a unique combination of designs.

　　The nineteenth­century poor city was in many ways a terrible place，dirty and crowded；but it offered economic and social opportunities.At the same time，the British countryside was in fact equally unattractive：though it promised fresh air and nature，it suffered from agricultural depression(萧条) and it offered neither enough work and wages，nor much social life.Howard’s idea was to combine the best of town and country in a new kind of settlement，the garden city.Howard’s idea was that a group of people should set up a company，borrowing money to establish a garden city in the depressed countryside，far enough from existing cities to make sure that the land was bought at the bottom price.

　　Garden cities would provide a central public open space，radial avenues and connecting industries.They would be surrounded by a much larger area of green belt，also owned by the company，containing not merely farms but also some industrial institutions.As more and more people moved in，the garden city would reach its planned limit—Howard suggested 32,000 people；then，another would be started a short distance away.Thus，over time，there would develop a vast planned house collection，extending almost without limit；within it，each garden city would offer a wide range of jobs and services，but each would also be connected to the others by a rapid transportation system，thus giving all the economic and social opportunities of a big city.

　　1．How did Howard get the name for his building plan of garden cities?

　　A．Through his observation of the country life.

　　B．Through the combination of different ideas.

　　C．By taking other people’s advice.

　　D．By using the nickname of the reconstructed Chicago.

　　解析　细节理解题。通过文章第一段的第三句得出：芝加哥的花园城市几乎成为了Howard后来命名的来源。

　　2．The underlined phrase “drawing on” in Paragraph 1 probably means________.

　　A．making use of

　　B．making comments on

　　C．giving an explanation of

　　D．giving a description of

　　解析　词义猜测题。通过文章第一段叙述可知Howard在到达芝加哥后有了创建“花园城市的灵感，回到伦敦后，他运用当时比较流行的观点把各种设计进行了结合，形成了他自己的独特设计。因此，drawing on意为“利用”，与making use of意义相同。

　　3．According to Howard，garden cities should be built________.

　　A．as far as possible from existing cities

　　B．in the countryside where the land was cheap

　　C．in the countryside where agriculture was developed

　　D．near cities where employment opportunities already existed

　　解析　细节理解题。根据文章第二段的最后一句话可知：要远离现有的城市带以保证土地可以以最低的价位买到。故答案为B项。

　　4．What can we learn about garden cities from the last paragraph?

　　A．Their number would continue to rise.

　　B．Each one would continue to become larger.

　　C．People would live and work in the same place.

　　D．Each one would contain a certain type of business.

　　解析　推理判断题。由最后一段我们可以了解到花园城市的数量会越来越多，并通过便捷的交通运输系统相互连接。由此可以推断出A项正确。

　　解析　主旨大意题。全文主要讲述了the garden city的发明。

　　5．What could be the best title for the passage?

　　A．City and Countryside

　　B．The Invention of the Garden City

　　C．A New City in Chicago

　　D．A Famous Garden City in England

　　211工程(优秀生选做题)

　　2．vocabulary：

　　(1)immigrate v．(从外地)移居；移民

　　v．迁移；迁徙

　　(2)surround v．围绕

　　 adj.周围的；附近的

　　surroundings n．环境；周围的事物

　　be surrounded

　　...被……所包围

　　1．How old was Howard when he died?

　　1．Which two garden cities are mentioned in the passage?