【备战2016】高考英语典型试题精粹 专题十六 七选五

　　专题十　七选五

　　高考精萃

　　Passage 1

　　(2017·北京卷)

　　Evaluating Sources of Health Information

　　Making good choices about your own health requires reasonable evaluation. A key first step in bettering your evaluation ability is to look carefully at your sources of health information. Reasonable evaluation includes knowing where and how to find relevant information, how to separate fact from opinion, how to recognize poor reasoning, and how to analyze information and the reliability of sources. __1__

　　Go to the original source. Media reports often simplify the results of medical research. Find out for yourself what a study really reported, and determine whether it was based on good science. Think about the type of study. __2__

　　Watch for misleading language. Some studies will find that a behavior “contributes to” or is “associated with” an outcome; this does not mean that a certain course must lead to a certain result. __3__ Carefully read or listen to information in order to fully understand it.

　　Use your common sense. If a report seems too good to be true, probably it is. Be especially careful of information contained in advertisements. __4__ Evaluate “scientific” statements carefully, and be aware of quackery(江湖骗术)．

　　__5__ Friends and family members can be a great source of ideas and inspiration, but each of us needs to find a healthy lifestyle that works for us.

　　Developing the ability to evaluate reasonably and independently about health problems will serve you well throughout your life.

　　A．Make choices that are right for you.

　　B．The goal of an ad is to sell you something.

　　C．Be sure to work through the critical questions.

　　D．And examine the findings of the original research.

　　E．Distinguish between research reports and public health advice.

　　F．Be aware that information may also be incorrectly explained by an author's point of view.

　　G．The following suggestions can help you sort through the health information you receive from common sources.

　　答案与解析

　　本文为说明文。作者针对如何识别正确的健康信息提供了一些建议。

　　1．G　根据文章第二段、第三段、第四段的首句可以看出作者提供了一些建议，因此本空引出了下文的多个建议，故选择G项。

　　2．D　根据第二段的第一句“Go to the original source.”可以看出D选项“And examine the findings of the original research.”与第二段内容匹配。

　　3．F　根据第三段第一句“Watch for misleading language.”可以看出F项“Be aware that information may also be incorrectly explained...”与本段内容匹配。

　　4．B　空格处前一句中出现的advertisements与B项中的ad 对应，因此选择B项。

　　5．A　空格后的“...that works for us.”与A项“Make choices that are right for you.”对应，故选择A项。

　　Passage 2

　　(2017·辽宁卷)

　　Eyesight plays a very important role in our daily life. Every waking moment, the eyes are working to see the world around us. Over forty percent of Americans worry about losing eyesight, but it's easy to include steps into our daily life to ensure healthy eyes. Here are five suggestions for a lifetime of healthy eyesight：

　　·Schedule yearly exams. __1__ Experts advise parents to bring babies 6 to 12 months of age to the doctor for a careful check. The good news is that millions of children now can have yearly eye exams and following treatment, including eyeglasses.

　　·Protect against UV rays (紫外线). Long­term stay in the sun creates risk to your eyes. No matter what the season is, it's extremely important to wear sunglasses. __2__

　　·Give your eyes a break. Two­thirds of Americans spend up to seven hours a day using computers or other digital products. __3__ Experts recommend that people practice the 20/20/20 rule: every 20 minutes, take a 20­second break and look at something 20 feet away.

　　·__4__ As part of a healthy diet, eat more fruits and vegetables each day. Vitamins (维生素) C and E help protect eyesight and promote eye health.

　　·Practice safe wear and care of contact lenses (隐形眼镜). Many Americans use contact lenses to improve their eyesight. While some follow the medical guidance for wearing contact lenses, many are breaking the rules and putting their eyesight at risk. __5__ Otherwise, you may have problems such as red eyes, pain in the eyes, or a more serious condition.

　　A．Eat your greens.

　　B．Eye care should begin early in life.

　　C．They can properly protect your eyes.

　　D．Stay in good shape by taking more vitamins.

　　E．Parents usually don't care about their own eyesight.

　　F．Always follow the doctor's advice for appropriate wear.

　　G．This frequent eye activity increases the risk for eye tiredness.

　　答案与解析

　　本文为说明文。文章主要给出了五种拥有健康视力的建议。

　　1．B　根据上文Schedule yearly exams. 和下文Experts advise parents to bring babies 6 to 12 months of age... 及选项中的Eye care 和 early in life 可知选B项。

　　2．C　戴太阳镜预防紫外线，它们可以适当地保护你的眼睛。本句是对上文的总结概括。

　　3．G　三分之二的美国人一天会花费多达7小时的时间来使用电脑或其他数码产品。这种频繁的眼部活动会提高眼睛疲劳的风险。根据句意应选择G项。

　　4．A　Eat your greens. 吃出绿色。下文均与饮食有关，所以选A项。

　　5．F　上下文均与戴隐形眼镜有关，所以选择含有关键词wear 的选项。medical guidance 和 doctor's advice 也互为暗示。

　　Passage 3

　　(2017·课标全国卷Ⅱ)

　　Tips for Cooking on a Tight Schedule

　　From my experience, there are three main reasons why people don't cook more often: ability, money, and time. __1__ Money is a topic I'll save for another day. So today I want to give you some wisdom about how to make the most of the time you spend in the kitchen. Here are three tips for great cooking on a tight schedule：

　　1．Think ahead. The moments when I think cooking is a pain are when I'm already hungry and there's nothing ready to eat. So think ahead of the coming week. When will you have time to cook? Do you have the right materials already? __2__

　　2．Make your time worth it. When you do find time to cook a meal, make the most of it and save yourself time later on. Are you making one loaf of bread? __3__ It takes around the same amount of time to make more of something. So save yourself the effort for a future meal.

　　3．__4__ This may surprise you, but one of the best tools for making cooking worth your time is experimentation. It gives you the chance to hit upon new ideas and recipes that can work well with your appetite and schedule. The more you learn and the more you try, the more ability you have to take control of your food and your schedule.

　　Hopefully that gives you a good start. __5__ And don't let a busy schedule discourage you from making some great changes in the way you eat and live!

　　A．Try new things.

　　B．Ability is easily improved.

　　C．Make three or four instead.

　　D．Understand your food better.

　　E．Cooking is a burden for many people.

　　F．Let cooking and living simply be a joy rather than a burden.

　　G．A little time planning ahead can save a lot of work later on.

　　答案与解析

　　本文为说明文，题材是介绍说明类。紧张的生活节奏并不妨碍你为自己或家人做上一顿可口的饭菜，看看作者为我们提供的建议吧。

　　1．B　上文提到三个不常做饭的理由：能力、钱和时间。下文提到钱是下一个话题，这里主要谈论如何利用花费在烹饪上的时间，故答案选B(能力是容易改进的)。

　　2．G　该段建议提前做出烹饪计划，故答案选G(提前一点制订计划会省去很多后面的工作)。

　　3．C　根据下文“花费几乎相同的时间来制作更多食物”可推断出，这里指把制作一条面包改为制作三到四条面包。

　　4．A　根据下文It gives you the chance to hit upon new ideas and recipes... 可推断出，本空应选A(尝试新事物)。

　　5．F　根据下文“不要让繁忙的日程妨碍你在饮食和生活方式上做出美好的改变”可推断出，答案选F(让烹饪和生活仅仅是快乐而非负担)。

　　Passage 4

　　(2017·北京卷)

　　Urbanization

　　Until relatively recently, the vast majority of human beings lived and died without ever seeing a city. The first city was probably founded no more than 5,500 years ago. __1__ In fact, nearly everyone lived on farms or in tiny rural (乡村的) villages. It was not until the 20th century that Great Britain became the first urban society in history—a society in which the majority of people live in cities and do not farm for a living.

　　Britain was only the beginning. __2__The process of urbanization—the migration (迁徙) of people from the countryside to the city—was the result of modernization, which has rapidly transformed how people live and where they live.

　　In 1990, fewer than 40% of Americans lived in urban areas. Today, over 82% of Americans live in cities. Only about 2% live on farms. __3__

　　Large cities were impossible until agriculture became industrialized. Even in advanced agricultural societies, it took about ninety­five people on farms to feed five people in cities.__4__ Until modern times, those living in cities were mainly the ruling elite(精英) and the servants, laborers and professionals who served them. Cities survived by taxing farmers and were limited in size by the amount of surplus food that the rural population produced and by the ability to move this surplus from farm to city.

　　Over the past two centuries, the Industrial Revolution has broken this balance between the city and the country.

　　__5__ Today, instead of needing ninety­five farmers to feed five city people, one American farmer is able to feed more than a hundred non­farmers.

　　A．That kept cities very small.

　　B．The rest live in small towns.

　　C．The effects of urban living on people should be considered.

　　D．Soon many other industrial nations became urban societies.

　　E．But even 200 years ago, only a few people could live in cities.

　　F．Modernization drew people to the cities and made farmers more productive.

　　G．Modern cities have destroyed social relations and the health of human beings.

　　答案与解析

　　本文为说明文，题材为社会与热点，主要讲述了城市化的进程。

　　1．E　第一段主要讲述了在过去城市非常少，大多数人都是住在农场或乡村里，根据主旨可知应选择E项。

　　2．D　空格前一句中的beginning 与D项中的Soon 相对应，英国只是个开始，之后一些其他的国家也开始成为城市化的社会，故选择D项。

　　3．B　空格所在的段落通过列举数据来体现现在城市化的扩大，绝大多数的美国人住在城市里，少部分住在农场里，因此此空说明剩下的人居住在何地，故选择B项。

　　4．A　此空之前在阐述过去城市不可能大的原因，因此A项与前面的意思对应。

　　5．F　空格前一句阐述工业革命打破了此前城市和乡村的这种平衡，因此空格处是对前一句内容的进一步阐述，因此选择F项。

　　模拟精选

　　Passage 1

　　(2017·东北三校二模)

　　Everyone needs a break, and vacations are not meant for serious study. __1__ The Spring Festival is coming up so this is the perfect time to discuss some great English language literature to take on a long train journey.

　　Before getting into the recommendations, you need to determine your English reading comprehension level. If you're at the beginner's level, there are two options: reading a children's book or reading a book that you've read in Chinese translation. __2__ If you're at the intermediate level, popular books like pop fiction, mysteries and thrillers are good options. For advanced readers, classic works of literature or modern prize winners (Nobel, Pulitzer) are good options.

　　__3__ When I pick up a book I like, even though the first few chapters are really hard to get through, I would try to get accustomed to the language the author uses. Generally, after the first few chapters, things get a lot easier, especially if I get involved in the story.

　　Another great way to keep yourself motivated is to find a friend who's interested in reading the same book. You can make goals that you both want to achieve. __4__

　　Some quick recommendations: Harry Potter, start with the first book and go on from there; the Narnia series; anything by U．S. writer Michael Crichton; and if you like horror, U．S. writer Stephen King is always unusual and fun. __5__ Happy reading!

　　A．If you pick a book which is so challenging, it will be too stressful.

　　B．The most important thing is to pick a book that you're really interested in.

　　C．You may also enjoy your reading when hanging out with your family.

　　D．You should just find a topic or author you're interested in, and the rest will go from there.

　　E．You can also discuss plot lines or vocabulary issues with each other by SMS or e­mail.

　　F．Instead, they're a great way to take a break and enjoy a good book.

　　G．This will help you get over any unfamiliar words or phrases, since you're already familiar with the story.

　　答案与解析

　　本文谈论了怎样接触英语文学，并对不同程度的读者提供了阅读建议。

　　1．F　根据上文needs a break, 以及“假期不是为了严肃而认真地学习”可知此处用Instead...转折引出下文较合适。

　　2．G　根据常识可知读者读过中译本，则会be familiar with the story, 故选G项。

　　3．B　根据a book I like 可知作者建议：选择感兴趣的书。

　　4．E　第四段主要讲和朋友一起读书能做的事，所以E项正确。

　　5．D　上文提到了Harry Potter, the Narnia series, Michael Crichton, Stephen King 都是推荐读的书目及作者，而且也提到了horror，这是一个topic，都包括在D项内，所以D项正确。

　　Passage 2

　　(2017·河北衡水中学调研)

　　Americans use many expressions with the word “dog”. People in the United States love their dogs and treat them well. __1__ However, dogs without owners to care for them lead a different kind of life. The expression, to lead a dog's life, describes a person who has an unhappy existence.

　　Some people say we live in a dog­eat­dog world. __2__ They say that to be successful, a person has to work like a dog. This means they have to work very, very hard. Such hard work can make people dog­tired. And, the situation would be even worse if they became sick as a dog.

　　__3__ This means that every person enjoys a successful period during his or her life. To be successful, people often have to learn new skills. Yet, some people say that you can never teach an old dog new tricks. They believe that older people do not like to learn new things and will not change the way they do things.

　　__4__ People who are unkind or uncaring can be described as meaner than a junkyard dog. Junkyard dogs live in places where people throw away things they do not want. Mean dogs are often used to guard this property. They bark or attack people who try to enter the property. However, sometimes a person who appears to be mean and threatening is really not so bad. We say his bark is worse than his bite.

　　Dog expressions are also used to describe the weather. The dog days of summer are the hottest days of the year. A rainstorm may cool the weather. But we do not want it to rain too hard. __5__

　　A．Still, people say every dog has its day.

　　B．We do not want it to rain cats and dogs.

　　C．Some people are compared to dogs in bad ways.

　　D．Dogs are their best friends and they are loyal to people.

　　E．There are many other expressions waiting for you to explore.

　　F．That means many people are competing for the same things, like good jobs.

　　G．They take their dogs for walks, let them play outside and give them good food and medical care.

　　答案与解析

　　本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了一些与dog 相关的俗语。

　　1．G　根据空格前一句内容可知，美国人喜爱而且善待狗，故选G项，即举例说明美国人的待狗之道。此题易错选D项。狗的忠诚与上下文毫无关系。

　　2．F　根据篇章结构，每提出一个新的俗语，下文便有文字对前面的俗语进行解释。故此处选用作解释的内容最为合适。故选F项。

　　3．A　空格后的内容正是对选项的解释，故选A项。

　　4．C　根据空格后一句，那些不友好、不关心他人的人通常被描述成meaner than a junkyard dog可知，本段应该是用dog 的短语来比喻不好的人。故选C项。

　　5．B　根据空格前提到的rain 可知，只有B项与此有关。

　　Passage 3

　　(2017·北京西城一模)

　　Where would you most like to go on vacation? Paris? London? The Amazon Rainforest? Each of these destinations is attractive. __1__

　　As a new word, staycation refers to people staying at home during their vacation time, and going sightseeing around their hometown.

　　Staycations have become really popular recently, as a way of having an enjoyable vacation, without spending too much money. There are shortcomings to every positive thing, however.

　　__2__ You also might prevent yourself from enjoying things to the fullest, as the atmosphere might be the same as any other time.

　　__3__

　　It means you won't be available for work or other activities.

　　What can you do to make your staycation fun?

　　1. Go to a nearby town, or to a fancy hotel in your hometown and stay overnight. Treat yourself to room service and any other fun things the hotel has to offer.

　　2. __4__ You would have done it on a vacation, right? Treat yourself to this, at least for one day!

　　3. Throw a small party. Think about the money you are saving by not going away. You will still save money, but have more fun, and you will help other people to have fun too!

　　4. Go shopping! Window shopping, or the super fun type, where you buy things! You would have bought souvenirs (纪念品) if you had gone on a vacation,

　　so treat yourself during your staycation!

　　The most important thing to remember is to do things that make you and your family excited!

　　__5__

　　A．Eat out for every meal!

　　B．Go on a day trip to a nearby town, or to a beach.

　　C．But why not remain at home and enjoy a staycation?

　　D．If you are on a staycation, you might get calls from work.

　　E．Most of the time it involves dining out more frequently than usual.

　　F．Make sure you all have fun, and when it is over, you feel refreshed.

　　G．The trick is to make sure your friends and co­workers know you are on a staycation.

　　答案与解析

　　本文介绍了一种新的度假方式——呆在家里度假(staycation)。

　　1．C　空格处的句子用以引出话题staycation，而下文As a new word, staycation... 用以解释staycation 的含义。

　　2．D　该句及下文都是在解释There are shortcomings to every positive thing... 的内容。故应选择讲在家度假缺点的选项。

　　3．G　让朋友和同事知道你在以staycation 方式休假的目的是：让他们知道你不能工作或进行其他活动。

　　4．A　该句与下文Treat yourself to this, at least for one day！相符。

　　5．F　上文的excited 与该句的have fun, feel refreshed相符，介绍在家度假的作用。

　　Passage 4

　　(2017·吉林长春一模)

　　Kids with special needs refer to any kid who might need extra help because of a medical, emotional, or learning problem. For example, kids who cannot walk need wheelchairs. They not only need equipment that helps them get around, but they might need to have ramps (坡道) or elevators' available.__1__

　　Kids with an illness would have special needs, too. __2__Kids with sight problems might need Braille books to read. Kids with hearing problems might need hearing aids.

　　__3__

　　It might be harder to do normal things, like learning to read or just getting around the school. The good news is that parents, doctors, nurses, teachers, and others can help. The goal is to help kids be as independent as possible.

　　Other kids can also be a big help. How? By being a friend. Kids who use a wheelchair or have lots of health problems want friends just as you do. But meeting people and making friends can be difficult. __4__ Be sure to tell a teacher if you see someone being bullied (欺辱) or teased.

　　__5__ Being friendly to kids with special needs is one of the best ways to be helpful. As you get to know them, they may help you understand what it's like to be in their shoes. And you'll be helping fill a very special need, one that everybody has—the need for good ends.

　　A．Some kids might laugh at or make fun of them.

　　B．It is good manners to offer help to kids with special needs.

　　C．Life can be challenging for a kid with special needs.

　　D．They also might need to get a special bus to school.

　　E．They might need medicine or other help as they go about their daily activities.

　　F．Also, try to be helpful if you know someone with special needs.

　　G．Someone could have trouble with anxiety, but you wouldn't know it unless told about it.

　　答案与解析

　　本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了如何对待有特殊需要的孩子。

　　1．D　根据前面的句式they might need... 可判断D项的句型They also might need... 最恰当。

　　2．E　从前面的illness 提示以及下文的例子可知，他们从事日常活动时需要医疗或者其他方面的帮助。故选E项。

　　3．C　该空后面提到了．..harder to do normal things...，所以前面的空填C项，对残疾孩子来说，生活是充满挑战的，即艰难的。

　　4．A　该空前面说到“残疾孩子交朋友困难”。后面说的是“要是发现有人被欺侮，要告诉老师”，所以空格内容为“有的小孩儿可能会取笑他们”比较合适。故选A项。

　　5．F　本段论述的是如何与残障孩子交朋友，帮助他们。空后面说．..one of the best ways to be helpful...，所以前面空格处的内容应该已经提到要be helpful，故选F项。

　　Passage 5

　　(2017·北京海淀一模)

　　There is distinction between reading for information and reading for understanding. __1__

　　The first sense is the one in which we read newspapers, magazines, or anything else. __2__ Such materials may increase our store of information, but they cannot improve our understanding. And clearly we don't have any difficulty in gaining the new information, for our understanding was equal to them before we started. Otherwise, we would have felt the shock of puzzlement.

　　The second sense is the one in which we read something that at first we do not completely understand. Here the thing to be read is at the first sight better or higher than the reader. The writer is communicating something that can increase the reader's understanding.__3__ Otherwise one person could never learn from another. Here “learning” means understanding more, not remembering more information.

　　What are the conditions in this kind of reading? First, there is inequality in understanding. __4__ Besides, his book must convey something he possesses and his potential readers lack. Second, the reader must be able to overcome this inequality in some degree. And he should always try to reach the same level of understanding with the writer. If the equality is approached, success of communication is achieved.

　　__5__ It is the least demanding and requires the least amount of effort. Everyone who knows how to read can read for entertainment if he wants to. In fact, any book that can be read for understanding or information can probably be read for entertainment as well.

　　A．The writer should have a better communicating skill.

　　B．Such communication between unequals must be possible.

　　C．We can get access to the content of those materials easily.

　　D．The writer must be “superior” to the reader in understanding.

　　E．Thus, we can employ the word “reading” in two distinct senses.

　　F．Reading for entertainment is capable of increasing our understanding for information.

　　G．Besides gaining information and understanding, there's another goal of reading—entertainment.

　　答案与解析

　　阅读的目的分为获取信息的阅读以及理解性阅读，前者相对容易，而后者的难度相对大一些。

　　1．E　根据下文的The first sense. The second sense. 可知答案为E项。

　　2．C　由下文中的such materials 可知，空格处已提到了materials 一词，故选C项。

　　3．B　前面两句中说作家的作品中有些读者不知道的内容，是需要读者认真领会的，因而作家与读者在知识上是不对等的(unequals)。空格后的句子Otherwise one person could never learn from another. 表示“否则一个人不可能从另一个人那里学到东西”，该句也解释了unequals(两个水平不同的人)的含义。同时，从行文上看，空前一句提到了communicating, 而只有B项中的such communication 与之衔接紧密。

　　4．D　The writer must be “superior”to the reader in understanding(作者必须比读者的理解力强)与 inequality in understanding 相符。

　　5．G　下文内容是上文内容的一个延续，与上文为递进关系，所以用besides 开头。本段后面出现了两次entertainment 也提示答案为G项。

　　Passage 6

　　(2017·辽宁抚顺六校联合体联考)

　　We all wish we had just a bit more time. Just think what you could do with an extra hour or two each day: you could finally stick to an exercise routine, or spring­clean the house, or write your novel, or learn the guitar and so on.

　　__1__ But I can help you find more hours in your day for the things that really matter.

　　1. Get Out of Bed Earlier

　　If you normally get up at 7：30 a．m., try getting up at 7：00 a．m. That half­hour might not sound like much, but it could be time that you use to exercise, to read that book you've been meaning to finish. __2__

　　2. Do the Important Tasks First

　　Once you get to work, get the important ones done first (not the easy ones, or even the urgent ones). You can afford to spend at least an hour working on big, important tasks rather than on all those little urgent ones.

　　__3__ The urgent tasks will still get done, and you won't miss the important ones.

　　3. Reduce Interruptions

　　If colleagues have a habit of hanging around your desk to chat, or if the phone is constantly ringing, you might find that it takes you half the day to finish a simple task like writing a letter. Constant interruptions don't just eat up time, they also break your concentration.

　　When you've got a big task to focus on, let your calls go to voicemail.

　　__4__ Wearing headphones makes it less likely that people will try to strike up a conversation.

　　4.

　　__5__

　　A few minutes' chatting, browsing the web, and so on, can easily turn into hours of wasted time over the course of a day.

　　When you're working, work. If your concentration is slipping, take a proper break: go and get a glass of water, or stretch your legs a bit. And if you're facing a difficult task, try breaking it into small steps or stages so that it's easier to deal with.

　　A．Stay Focused on Your Work

　　B．Take Breaks When Necessary

　　C．If you have an office door, close it.

　　D．If you work like this, you'll usually save time.

　　E．Would you want me to make your day longer?

　　F．I can't magically make all your days 25 hours long.

　　G．Or simply to get your day off to a calm and organized start.

　　答案与解析

　　本文介绍了节省时间的方法。要从早起、先完成最重要的任务、减少中断以及集中注意力方面做起，这样可帮你日常生活中节省出更多的时间。

　　1．F　从空格后的But I can help you find more hours in your day for the things that really matter. 可知，本句与前一句为转折关系，空格处应表示不可能使实际时间变长的句子，故选F项。

　　2．G　空前的to exercise, to read that book you've been meaning to finish 与 G项并列，都是讲利用多出的半小时可以做的事情。

　　3．D　此空处刚好需要一个对前面段意的小结。D项表示“如果这样做下去的话，会达到节省时间的效果”，与前文衔接。后面说紧急的事情和重要的事情也都可以做完，也是节省时间的结果。

　　4．C　从空前后看是进行事例的说明，都是讲如何不被打扰，选项中只有C项符合。

　　5．A　A项中的focus on 与 concentration 相符合。

　　Passage 7

　　(2017·山西四校联考)

　　Raising Confident Kids

　　Self­esteem (自尊) is a collection of beliefs or feelings we have about ourselves. Having a healthy self­esteem can protect us through difficult times and help us remain focused on what is important to us. Research shows that children with high self­esteem grow up to be more confident adults. Self­esteem building should start from young. __1__

　　Praise Actions

　　Young children need feedback. It's how they measure their actions and it plays a role in learning from experience. Provide specific praise about actual actions performed and efforts made in the process. __2__

　　Identify Strengths

　　Preschoolers are always watching each other. On the bright side, they learn new things from each other. On the other side, they can become self­critical when they see a peer accomplishing something they still struggle to do. __3__ Tell your children to focus on their strengths when they start to draw comparisons.

　　Foster (培养) a Sense of Belonging

　　Young children may not understand how peer pressure (同龄人的压力) works, but they feel it when they're being excluded (排除). Show your children that they are important by listening to and responding to their needs and ideas as much as possible. Save grown­up conversations for later so that you can have family conversations. __4__

　　__5__

　　As much as they need us, they also need to work on taking small steps toward independence. When they know they can do things, they feel more confident. Teach problem­solving skills. Step aside and let them work on challenges before jumping in to help.Help by asking “How can we do this in a different way? Let's come up with some ideas together.” Getting kids involved in problem­solving teaches them how to deal with challenges in the future.

　　Building and maintaining healthy self­esteem can be a lifelong process, but the sooner you start, the more confident your children will become.

　　A．Encourage Independence

　　B．Spend quality time with children

　　C．Try to address their concerns as they arise, no matter how minor.

　　D．If praise is only attached to success,

　　kids will focus on “winning”．

　　E．Be sure to point out your children's strengths regularly and be specific.

　　F．Below are some tips to help you promote your children's self­esteem.

　　G．Each parent has the responsibility to help children to become confident.

　　答案与解析

　　研究表明自尊的孩子长大后更有可能成为有自信的成年人，文章给出了一些培养孩子自信心的建议。

　　1．F　上文引出Self­esteem building should start from young. 下文开始讲建议，可知此处应填承上启下的句子：下面是可以提升孩子自信心的建议。F项符合要求。

　　2．D　根据上文Provide specific praise about actual actions performed and efforts made in the process. 可知需选与“表扬”有关的选项；而且这句话强调的是过程中的行动和努力，不应只关注结果。其后的句子应解释为什么应关注过程。故选D项。句意为：如果表扬只是因为最后成功这一结果，孩子们会专注于“成功”(这一结果)。

　　3．E　根据下文Tell your children to focus on their strengths when they start to draw comparisons. 可知选E项。句意为：要确保经常指出孩子的优点，而且要明确。

　　4．C　根据上文Young children may not understand how peer pressure works, but they feel it when they're being excluded. 表示孩子开始遇到问题。下文应介绍应对方式，可知应选C项，句意为：一旦发现他们有担心的事情，不管有多渺小都要尽力去解决。

　　5．A　所填内容为段落主旨句。根据下文As much as they need us, they also need to work on taking small steps toward independence. 及全段内容可知选A项。句意为：要鼓励孩子学会独立。

　　Passage 8

　　(2017·北京第四十四中学期中)

　　How to Prepare a Lecture

　　Being invited to give a lecture is an honor. It means that people regard you as an authority on a given field, subject, or issue. It means you are worth listening to. __1__ You have to make sure your lecture is interesting, and full of wisdom, from which the audience can take valuable insights. This is why it is important for you to prepare your lecture well.

　　1. Think of a good topic.

　　You most likely will be assigned to talk about a certain topic. If that's the case, you only need to make an outline and do some research. But in some cases, you will have to think of your own topic. Although it gives you more freedom to do it, thinking of a topic can be tricky. __2__ Or pick a topic that is timely and socially relevant.

　　2. Make an outline for the lecture.

　　Start by listing down the points that you will discuss, and then fill in each point with subpoints. If necessary, make a research about your topic. __3__

　　But if in so doing you end up with a very long outline, figure how you can shorten the topic or cut where cutting is needed.

　　3.__4__

　　Statistics, figures, medical information, historical accounts, and similar information should all be checked and it will save your credibility as an authority on the subject you are talking about.

　　4. Add humor.

　　Don't engage your audience in a dragging soliloquy (独白). __5__ Humor will interest your audience. Of course, make sure the elements in your lecture are in line with your main topic and are not nonsense, racial, and offensive jokes.

　　A．Check your lecture for accuracy.

　　B．Giving a lecture is challenging, though.

　　C．If necessary, provide your contact information, such as an email address or blog site.

　　D．Instead, make your audience smile, or burst into laughter at certain points in your discussion.

　　E．To make it easier, consider what will interest your audience.

　　F．It should summarize your whole talk in one sentence.

　　G．Don't be afraid of exploring the topic, as this will allow you to discover other points that need discussion.

　　答案与解析

　　如何准备一个演讲？被邀请来演讲是一种荣誉。你必须确保你的演讲很有趣，充满智慧，听众从中可以获取有价值的见解。因此，准备好你的演讲很重要。

　　1．B　根据后面提到的你必须确保你的演讲很有趣，充满智慧，观众从中可以获取有价值的见解可知，选B项(但是，演讲是具有挑战性的)。

　　2．E　根据本段的中心思想——选择一个好的话题和设空处后的选择一个适时的和社会有关的话题可知，选E项(说得再简单些，就是考虑什么会吸引你的观众)。

　　3．G　设空处前面提到：如果有必要，可以做一些有关你的主题的研究，与G项(不害怕探索主题，因为这会让你发现其他需要讨论的要点)意思相近。

　　4．A　设空处后面的内容讲到：统计、数据、医疗信息、历史记载以及类似的信息，都应该被检查……所以本段的中心是检查你的演讲的准确性，与A项相符。

　　5．D　根据本段的中心内容是增加幽默的成分可知选D项(相反，让你的讨论中的某一点使你的观众发笑或大笑)。

　　创新预测

　　Passage 1

　　Any car accident is frightening, but an accident in which your vehicle is thrown into the water, with you trapped inside, is absolutely terrifying.__1__However, most deaths result from panic，without a plan or understanding what is happening to the car in the water. By adopting a brace(支撑) position (防冲击姿势), acting decisively and getting out fast, you can save yourself from a sinking vehicle.

　　Brace yourself for impact (撞击力). As soon as you're aware that you're going off the road and into a body of water, adopt a brace position. The impact could set off the airbag system in your vehicle，so you should place both hands on the steering wheel in the “ten and two” position.

　　Undo your seatbelt.__2__Unbuckle the children, starting with the oldest first. Forget the cell phone call. Your car isn't going to wait for you to make the call.

　　__3__Leave the door alone at this stage and concentrate on the window. A car's electrical system should work for up to three minutes in water, so try the method of opening it electronically first.Many people don't think about the window as an escape option either because of panic or misinformation about doors and sinking.

　　Break the window. If you aren't able to open the window, or it only opens halfway, you'll need to break it with an object or your foot. It may feel counter­intuitive (有悖常理的) to let water into the car.__4__

　　Escape when the car has equalized. If it has reached the dramatic stage where the car cabin has been filled with water and it has become balanced, you must move quickly and effectively to ensure your survival.__5__While there is still air in the car, take slow，deep breaths and focus on what you're doing.

　　A. Open the window as soon as you hit the water.

　　B. Surviving a sinking car is not as difficult as you think.

　　C. It takes 60 to 120 seconds for a car to fill up with water usually.

　　D. Such accidents are particularly dangerous due to the risk of drowning.

　　E. In conclusion, if you know what to do in the water, you will be safe.

　　F. This is the first thing to attend to, yet it often gets forgotten in the panic.

　　G. But the sooner the window is open, the sooner you can escape directly through it.

　　答案与解析

　　本文为说明文，主要介绍了当汽车掉入水中时，人们应该如何自救。

　　1．D　根据下文的．..the car in the water. 以及．..save yourself from a sinking vehicle. 可知答案。

　　2．F　根据上文的Undo your seatbelt. 及全文可知，要想尽快逃生必须首先解开安全带。

　　3．A　根据下文的．..concentrate on the window. 和Many people don't think about the window as an escape option either because of panic...可知答案。

　　4．G　根据本段开头的Break the window. 可知此处要讲破窗逃生的必要性和重要性。

　　5．C　上文讲述车内外的水达到平衡时，立刻逃出去；而下文说当车里还有空气时，要缓慢地深呼吸，所以此处讲述“车灌满水需要的时间”是符合语境的。

　　Passage 2

　　Your Teen Is Falling Asleep in Class

　　Teens have a busy morning schedule as they need to wake up and get moving very early in order to catch a bus and get to school by the required time. This means teens need to get their rest the night before or they will be too tired to learn anything at school. __1__

　　When a teen falls asleep in class, two things happen: he/she misses what is being taught and he/she loses the respect of the teacher. He/She may also receive a consequence from the school, depending on the classroom discipline policy. __2__

　　To prevent your teen from being sleepy in class, try these three tips：

　　*Set a time for “lights out” on school nights. This is never be any later than 10 p．m. and preferably 9 p．m. __3__

　　Soft music can be on and used to help calm your teen.

　　*Help your teen develop a night­time routine that involves activities that slow them down for the end of the day. __4__ Turning off the computer and disconnecting from friends and the excitement of the day an hour before bedtime will also help your teen relax.

　　*__5__ This will reinforce (增强) what it feels like to be rested and capable of accomplishing what he/she wants.

　　A．What's worse, they may even fall asleep in class.

　　B．Taking a bath and reading are two activities that work well.

　　C．Set a good example and show him/her your love for learning.

　　D．Point out the positives after your teen has had a good night's rest.

　　E．“Lights out” means the computer, television, lights and cell phone should be off.

　　F．All of these things affect your teen's academic success and can be avoided.

　　G．While your teen keeps his/her goals in line with your expectations, he/she may have his/her own goals.

　　答案与解析

　　本文为说明文，主要提出了让孩子们上课不瞌睡的几点建议。

　　1．A　根据第一段的内容以及第二段的第一句When a teen falls asleep in class... 可知答案为A项。

　　2．F　根据上文内容及下文的To prevent your teen from being sleepy in class... 可知，该句的作用是承上启下。

　　3．E　根据上文的Set a time for “light out”．..可知，该句进一步解释lights out 的含义。

　　4．B　根据上文的．..a night­time routine that involves activities that slow them down... 可知后文应开始举例说明哪些活动有益。故B项正确。

　　5．D　根据下文可知此句是建议家长要给孩子指出睡个好觉的益处。

　　Passage 3

　　If you think you've gained too much weight or are too skinny, you can talk to a doctor. Your doctor will tell you __1__

　　If it is concerned about your height, weight, or BMI (体重指数), your doctor may ask questions __2__. Your doctor may also ask about your family background to find out if you've received something from your parents that might make you taller, shorter, or a late bloomer (someone who develops later than other people of the same age). The doctor can then put all the information together to decide __3__.

　　If your weight isn't in a healthy range, you will probably get specific diet and exercise recommendations based on your individual needs. Following a doctor's or dietitian's plan designed especially for you will work much better than following fad (时尚) diets. For teens, fad diets or starvation plans can actually slow down growth, and the weight loss usually doesn't last.

　　What __4__？ Most teens who weigh less than other teens of their age are just fine. They may be going through puberty on a different schedule than kids of the same age, and their bodies may be growing and changing at a different rate. Most underweight teens catch up in weight as they finish puberty during their later teen years so there's rarely a need to try to gain weight.

　　In a few cases, teenagers can be underweight because of a health problem that needs treatment. If you feel tired or ill a lot, or __5__， or other problems that have lasted for more than a week or two, be sure to let your parents or your doctor know.

　　A. whether you might have a weight or growth problem

　　B. if you have symptoms like a cough, stomachache

　　C. about your health, physical activity, and eating habits

　　D. if you're worried about being too skinny

　　E. if you take care of it

　　F. whether you're growing normally

　　G. about your dieting

　　答案与解析

　　本文主要介绍了应该让医生判定你是否有体重或发育问题。

　　1．F　根据上文的．..you've gained too much weight or are too skinny 以及．..talk to a doctor. 可知此处意为：让医生评判你是否发育正常。

　　2．C　根据height, weight, or BMI 以及．..ask questions... 可知答案。

　　3．A　根据上文可知此处意为：医生判定你是否有体重或发育问题。

　　4．D　根据下文的．..who weigh less than other teens of their age... 可知答案。

　　5．B　根据上文的．..feel tired or ill a lot... 以及or 可知此处要填疾病或症状。

　　Passage 4

　　Traditional teen bullying tends to decline with age, peaking during middle school and decreasing during high school. Cyber (网络) bullying might be an exception, however. More research is needed to determine whether this form of teen bullying becomes less common as children grow up.

　　•Respond to teen bullying.

　　If your child admits being bullied,

　　take action. Start by reassuring (安抚) your child.

　　__1__

　　Don't take cell phones away or cut Internet connections as a consequence of being bullied. Never imply (暗示) that getting bullied is your child's fault.

　　•Record the details.

　　Write down the details—the date, who was involved and what specifically happened. Record the facts as objectively as possible.

　　•__2__

　　Start with a teacher who knows your child well. Ask whether your child's classroom behavior has changed or if there are any other warning

　　signs. You

　　might

　　also

　　consult

　　a

　　school dean, counselor or other school contact. __3__ Ask for help to solve the bullying problem. Keep notes on these meetings. Remember that it can take time for teachers and administrators to look into bullying in a fair and factual way.

　　•Ask for a copy of the school's policy on bullying.

　　Find out how bullying is addressed in the school's curriculum, as well as how staff members are supposed to respond to known or suspected bullying.

　　If these steps don't seem to help or your child has been hurt by continued bullying, consult a mental health provider. __4__ Taking legal action to break bullying can make your community safer for all teens.

　　__5__ Even if your child doesn't confess (承认) to being bullied, offer specific suggestions to stop bullying.

　　A．Explain your concerns in a matter­of­fact way.

　　B．Talk to your child about teen bullying.

　　C．Report dangerous situations.

　　D．Tell your child that you'll do everything in your power to help.

　　E．You might also consider talking to a lawyer.

　　F．Just say “stop” or walk away from the bully.

　　G．Meet with school authorities.

　　答案与解析

　　孩子在学校受欺凌怎么办？本文作者提出了几条应对措施。

　　1．D　由上句内容(先安抚孩子)，可知选D项。

　　2．G　由下文作者建议家长去见学校老师或校领导等可知答案。

　　3．A　由上文内容可知，见到学校的管理者后，要切合实际地谈谈你的担心，并向他们寻求帮助。

　　4．E　由下文内容(采取法律手段)可知答案为E项。

　　5．B　由本段内容可知，作者建议家长与孩子谈谈青少年欺凌这方面的事，即使孩子不承认自己受到欺凌。